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<p>Transverse thermoelectric (TTE) materials can decouple heat flux and electric current, enabling novel approaches to energy harvesting and directional cooling. In this work, Cu–ZnO composites were fabricated using dual-nozzle extrusion-based 3D printing, followed by co-sintering at 1000&#xa0;°C. Both phases reached reasonably high relative densities after co-sintering, with no macroscopic delamination observed, providing structures suitable for thermoelectric characterisation. Thermoelectric measurements revealed a pronounced angular dependence: the 45°-oriented sample achieved the maximum transverse Seebeck coefficient (<InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(S_{xy}\approx -426\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>&#xa0;<InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mu\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>V/K), while the 30° and 60° samples showed intermediate values. This trend is broadly consistent with the <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\sin 2\theta\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> dependence predicted by tensor-based theoretical models. Furthermore, analysis of electrical resistance and power factor highlighted a critical trade-off: the 45° orientation maximised <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(S_{xy}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> but also exhibited the highest electrical resistance, such that the 60° sample achieved the highest power factor at elevated temperatures. These results demonstrate that dual-nozzle additive manufacturing enables systematic orientation control of transverse thermoelectric composites. Within the tested orientations and under the present measurement conditions, the 60° sample yielded the highest transverse power factor, suggesting it as a favourable orientation for power factor optimisation in this oxide–metal system.</p>

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Additive manufacturing of Cu–ZnO composites with enhanced transverse thermoelectric response

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月27日

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  • Weixiao Gao,
  • Shuai Yu,
  • Buntong Tan,
  • Fei Ren

摘要

Transverse thermoelectric (TTE) materials can decouple heat flux and electric current, enabling novel approaches to energy harvesting and directional cooling. In this work, Cu–ZnO composites were fabricated using dual-nozzle extrusion-based 3D printing, followed by co-sintering at 1000 °C. Both phases reached reasonably high relative densities after co-sintering, with no macroscopic delamination observed, providing structures suitable for thermoelectric characterisation. Thermoelectric measurements revealed a pronounced angular dependence: the 45°-oriented sample achieved the maximum transverse Seebeck coefficient ( \(S_{xy}\approx -426\)   \(\mu\) V/K), while the 30° and 60° samples showed intermediate values. This trend is broadly consistent with the \(\sin 2\theta\) dependence predicted by tensor-based theoretical models. Furthermore, analysis of electrical resistance and power factor highlighted a critical trade-off: the 45° orientation maximised \(S_{xy}\) but also exhibited the highest electrical resistance, such that the 60° sample achieved the highest power factor at elevated temperatures. These results demonstrate that dual-nozzle additive manufacturing enables systematic orientation control of transverse thermoelectric composites. Within the tested orientations and under the present measurement conditions, the 60° sample yielded the highest transverse power factor, suggesting it as a favourable orientation for power factor optimisation in this oxide–metal system.