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<p>This work introduces a novel 3D-printed monolithic RF sensor based on a metamaterial absorber architecture, tailored for the precise characterization of liquid materials in the S-band frequency range. Additive manufacturing, commonly referred to as 3D printing, is used instead of subtractive manufacturing. By embedding a cavity within the dielectric substrate, the design ensures enhanced electromagnetic interaction between the sample and the sensing surface, enabling improved sensitivity and selectivity. The fully integrated structure, realized through a single-step additive manufacturing, eliminates traditional multi-layer assembly challenges and enables rapid, low-cost prototyping. To optimize absorption and sensing performance, the absorber’s resonance properties were fine-tuned using an equivalent circuit model and a thorough parametric analysis. The sensor works by identifying changes in the relative permittivity of test materials that result in shifts in the resonance frequency and reflection coefficient (<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\text{s}}_{11}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>). The simulation results show that when the relative permittivity of the cavity is changed, distinct shifts in resonance frequency occur. Sensitivity to changes in dielectrics was verified using actual liquids (n-hexane, acetone, and acetonitrile) as well as their corresponding ideal dielectrics models in simulations,&#xa0;and the results indicate high sensitivity to dielectric properties.</p>

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Low cost additive manufacturing enabled RF sensor for multiphase liquid material characterization

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月24日

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  • Sweta Sarita Sarangi,
  • M. Jasmine Pemeena Priyadarsini

摘要

This work introduces a novel 3D-printed monolithic RF sensor based on a metamaterial absorber architecture, tailored for the precise characterization of liquid materials in the S-band frequency range. Additive manufacturing, commonly referred to as 3D printing, is used instead of subtractive manufacturing. By embedding a cavity within the dielectric substrate, the design ensures enhanced electromagnetic interaction between the sample and the sensing surface, enabling improved sensitivity and selectivity. The fully integrated structure, realized through a single-step additive manufacturing, eliminates traditional multi-layer assembly challenges and enables rapid, low-cost prototyping. To optimize absorption and sensing performance, the absorber’s resonance properties were fine-tuned using an equivalent circuit model and a thorough parametric analysis. The sensor works by identifying changes in the relative permittivity of test materials that result in shifts in the resonance frequency and reflection coefficient ( \({\text{s}}_{11}\) ). The simulation results show that when the relative permittivity of the cavity is changed, distinct shifts in resonance frequency occur. Sensitivity to changes in dielectrics was verified using actual liquids (n-hexane, acetone, and acetonitrile) as well as their corresponding ideal dielectrics models in simulations, and the results indicate high sensitivity to dielectric properties.