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<p>Herein for the first time comprehensive analysis of commercial phosphine oxide-based photoinitiators was done for vat photopolymerization 3D printing resins. Resin accuracy, reactivity and cytotoxicity have been evaluated for the studied photoinitiators in different UV curable systems. Different methods for the accuracy assessment (pin hole, <i>D</i><sub><i>p</i></sub>) were used and it was shown that phenylbis(2,4,6-trimethylbezoyl)phosphine oxide (BAPO) possessed the highest <i>x</i>–<i>y</i>–<i>z</i> accuracy. It was shown that the increase of photoinitiator content in all cases resulted in the increase of accuracy and reactivity. The higher absorption value of a photoinitiator at a wavelength resulted in a higher reactivity and higher accuracy of corresponding VPP resin. It has been also estimated that for all studied samples, HSF cell viability was higher than 90%. Cell nuclei area and cell size have been also investigated in for the studied resins to evaluate the performance of photoinitiators after incubation with resin extracts and 3D printed parts. Newly developed 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl bis(4-methylphenyl)phosphine oxide (TMO) photoinitiator is considered as a more biocompatible alternative to the widely used 2,4,6-trimethylbezoyldiphenylphosphine oxide (TPO).</p>

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Comprehensive investigation of phosphine oxide photoinitiators for vat photopolymerization

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月29日

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  • Yuri Rudenko,
  • Valery Kozlov,
  • Dmitriy Burmistrov,
  • Natalia Fedyakova,
  • Maxim Bermeshev,
  • Pavel Chapala

摘要

Herein for the first time comprehensive analysis of commercial phosphine oxide-based photoinitiators was done for vat photopolymerization 3D printing resins. Resin accuracy, reactivity and cytotoxicity have been evaluated for the studied photoinitiators in different UV curable systems. Different methods for the accuracy assessment (pin hole, Dp) were used and it was shown that phenylbis(2,4,6-trimethylbezoyl)phosphine oxide (BAPO) possessed the highest x–y–z accuracy. It was shown that the increase of photoinitiator content in all cases resulted in the increase of accuracy and reactivity. The higher absorption value of a photoinitiator at a wavelength resulted in a higher reactivity and higher accuracy of corresponding VPP resin. It has been also estimated that for all studied samples, HSF cell viability was higher than 90%. Cell nuclei area and cell size have been also investigated in for the studied resins to evaluate the performance of photoinitiators after incubation with resin extracts and 3D printed parts. Newly developed 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl bis(4-methylphenyl)phosphine oxide (TMO) photoinitiator is considered as a more biocompatible alternative to the widely used 2,4,6-trimethylbezoyldiphenylphosphine oxide (TPO).