<p>What does it truly mean to turn inward, and what do we find when we do? Jonardon Ganeri’s Inwardness: An Outsider’s Guide undertakes a cosmopolitan exploration of the inner self, drawing on diverse traditions—Buddhist, Hindu, Islamic, Christian, and Western philosophical thought. This review traces the book’s guiding claim that inwardness is the “presence of yourself to yourself,” and examines the philosophical challenges it raises: Does introspection require agency? Does Pessoa’s heteronymy deepen our understanding of inwardness, or does it blur it into confusion, aporia, and fragmentation? Can we study the self without metaphysical bias? Should inwardness be nurtured—or left behind? If these questions speak to you—about the self, memory, awareness, and the life of the mind—this book is well worth your close attention. And to address all such questions, Ganeri’s reflections move across philosophy, literature, film, and ethics, asking what it means to live with attention turned inward. Following this line of thought, we shall see that while the book is richly suggestive, it also opens up tensions between competing traditions and between different ways of understanding selfhood, inviting further reflection from the author and readers alike.</p>