<p>To address roadway deformation induced by mining disturbances in closely spaced coal seams, the 91,006 transportation roadway in the Xinchazhuang Coal Mine was selected as the engineering background. Static–dynamic mechanical tests, numerical simulations, and field monitoring were conducted to determine the physical and dynamic parameters of the coal and rock strata. Based on these results, the failure mechanism of the roadway support system was analyzed, and the disturbance-induced failure characteristics of the surrounding rock were revealed. A disturbance load ratio (D) was proposed to quantitatively evaluate the stability of surrounding rock under dynamic disturbances, and real-time monitoring of this parameter was implemented through secondary development using the FISH language. The support scheme for the 91,006 roadway was subsequently optimized and verified through field monitoring. The results indicate that failure of the original support system was mainly caused by neglecting disturbance effects and the influence of the floor failure zone of the overlying coal seam. Surrounding rock deformation, stress distribution, and failure characteristics were strongly correlated with disturbance loading, with multiple disturbance events producing significant fluctuations in displacement and stress. The variation trend of D was consistent with the numerical simulation results and reached its peak when the deformation of surrounding rock was most pronounced. Field monitoring results show that the optimized support scheme effectively controlled roadway deformation, with roof and rib displacements maintained within the safety range. The proposed method provides a quantitative basis for evaluating surrounding rock stability under dynamic disturbances and offers technical support for roadway support design in similar geological conditions.</p>