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<p>Unregulated mining activities have left behind numerous poorly documented goafs at certain depths. These goafs pose significant threats to subsequent open-pit mining operations and compromise the safety and stability of engineering structures. However, their efficient and precise identification, coupled with the acquisition of high-resolution data to support subsequent safety mitigation, remains a critical technical challenge. To address this, we investigated the air-filled goafs resulting from early unregulated mining in the Dalazi iron deposit. An integrated geophysical approach, combining magnetic survey, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), transient electromagnetic method (TEM), and 3D laser scanning, was employed to identify and locate these goafs within the iron ore body. Magnetic method delineated a region of prominent positive magnetic anomaly (ZYC1) generated by shallow-seated, high-grade magnetite ore bodies, while revealing a weak negative magnetic anomaly (FYC1) within ZYC1 induced by localized anthropogenic ore depletion (goafs). The integrated application of ERT (using a Wenner array for high resolution) and TEM (with its flexible deployment) enables accurate identification of air-filled goafs within iron ore bodies in confined mining spaces across specific depth intervals. This strategy successfully detected and localized geophysical anomalies on the + 274&#xa0;m and + 288&#xa0;m mining platforms, which were attributed to goafs KQ-1 and KQ-2. It is noteworthy that ERT can characterize the extent of fracture development within the rock mass surrounding goafs. Subsequently, 3D models of the air-filled goafs were constructed using borehole verification and 3D laser scanning data. The maximum elevation difference between the roof and floor of the air-filled goafs reached 61&#xa0;m, with a total combined volume of 124,361.57 m<sup>3</sup> for two air-filled goafs (KQ-1: 88,576.78 m<sup>3</sup>; KQ-2: 35,784.79 m<sup>3</sup>). Projection area analysis revealed that 5,000 m<sup>2</sup> of surface area is subject to potential mining safety hazards. Furthermore, this study indicates that the integration of ERT with 3D laser scanning can provide critical data for the ongoing assessment of goaf roof stability.</p>

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Identification and location of air-filled goafs in the Dalazi iron deposit, China, using integrated geophysical techniques

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月7日

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  • Sanshi Jia,
  • Binbo Zhao,
  • Jianfei Fu

摘要

Unregulated mining activities have left behind numerous poorly documented goafs at certain depths. These goafs pose significant threats to subsequent open-pit mining operations and compromise the safety and stability of engineering structures. However, their efficient and precise identification, coupled with the acquisition of high-resolution data to support subsequent safety mitigation, remains a critical technical challenge. To address this, we investigated the air-filled goafs resulting from early unregulated mining in the Dalazi iron deposit. An integrated geophysical approach, combining magnetic survey, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), transient electromagnetic method (TEM), and 3D laser scanning, was employed to identify and locate these goafs within the iron ore body. Magnetic method delineated a region of prominent positive magnetic anomaly (ZYC1) generated by shallow-seated, high-grade magnetite ore bodies, while revealing a weak negative magnetic anomaly (FYC1) within ZYC1 induced by localized anthropogenic ore depletion (goafs). The integrated application of ERT (using a Wenner array for high resolution) and TEM (with its flexible deployment) enables accurate identification of air-filled goafs within iron ore bodies in confined mining spaces across specific depth intervals. This strategy successfully detected and localized geophysical anomalies on the + 274 m and + 288 m mining platforms, which were attributed to goafs KQ-1 and KQ-2. It is noteworthy that ERT can characterize the extent of fracture development within the rock mass surrounding goafs. Subsequently, 3D models of the air-filled goafs were constructed using borehole verification and 3D laser scanning data. The maximum elevation difference between the roof and floor of the air-filled goafs reached 61 m, with a total combined volume of 124,361.57 m3 for two air-filled goafs (KQ-1: 88,576.78 m3; KQ-2: 35,784.79 m3). Projection area analysis revealed that 5,000 m2 of surface area is subject to potential mining safety hazards. Furthermore, this study indicates that the integration of ERT with 3D laser scanning can provide critical data for the ongoing assessment of goaf roof stability.