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<p>Laminated safety glass (LSG) is widely recognized for its superior impact energy absorption, retention of structure, and minimization of injury due to shard fragments. This feature makes it one of the essential materials in automotive and construction applications. This paper reports on an experimental-numerical investigation of LSG under impact loadings by systematically varying the layer configurations while keeping the same total thickness of the laminate. We have studied three specific configurations: 2-layer, 3-layer and 5-layer glass configuration. The total glass thickness is kept the same in all these configurations (12&#xa0;mm), with an overall interlayer thickness of PVB set at 3.04 mm. Ball drop tests were numerically simulated using ABAQUS/Explicit. In the simulation, glass was modeled with brittle cracking behavior to capture fracture patterns under impact loading. A user-defined VUMAT subroutine defined the brittle response of glass, and crack propagation was represented by element deletion based on a fracture energy threshold. The simulated fracture pattern was compared with experimental results on the two-layer glass configuration for validation. This study highlights the modeling techniques employed in the simulations and examines the influence of key numerical parameters on the results. The findings provide valuable insights into the impact response of LSG, supporting the design of optimized configurations that improve safety and post-impact integrity. The results show that increasing the number of layers enlarges the central fracture zone and shortens the energy absorption duration, indicating a more efficient energy dissipation mechanism and enhanced impact resistance without a significant weight increase.</p>

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Experimental and numerical study of impact loading on multi-layered laminated safety glass

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月15日

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  • Milad HosseinKhani,
  • Miriam Schuster,
  • Michael Kraus ‎,
  • Ulrich Knaack,
  • Gholamhossein Liaghat

摘要

Laminated safety glass (LSG) is widely recognized for its superior impact energy absorption, retention of structure, and minimization of injury due to shard fragments. This feature makes it one of the essential materials in automotive and construction applications. This paper reports on an experimental-numerical investigation of LSG under impact loadings by systematically varying the layer configurations while keeping the same total thickness of the laminate. We have studied three specific configurations: 2-layer, 3-layer and 5-layer glass configuration. The total glass thickness is kept the same in all these configurations (12 mm), with an overall interlayer thickness of PVB set at 3.04 mm. Ball drop tests were numerically simulated using ABAQUS/Explicit. In the simulation, glass was modeled with brittle cracking behavior to capture fracture patterns under impact loading. A user-defined VUMAT subroutine defined the brittle response of glass, and crack propagation was represented by element deletion based on a fracture energy threshold. The simulated fracture pattern was compared with experimental results on the two-layer glass configuration for validation. This study highlights the modeling techniques employed in the simulations and examines the influence of key numerical parameters on the results. The findings provide valuable insights into the impact response of LSG, supporting the design of optimized configurations that improve safety and post-impact integrity. The results show that increasing the number of layers enlarges the central fracture zone and shortens the energy absorption duration, indicating a more efficient energy dissipation mechanism and enhanced impact resistance without a significant weight increase.