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<p>Retention ponds and vegetated swales, as two of the best management practices (BMPs), are well-known for their environmental and economic benefits in curbing the qualitative and quantitative aspects of urban runoff. This paper aims to determine the optimal number of locations, as well as the optimal volumes and areas, for retention ponds and vegetated swales. For this purpose, the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) is employed and linked to the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II). This approach is applied in an appropriate case study. Minimizing runoff volume, pollution and BMPs construction and maintenance costs are three objective functions. The main innovation incorporated in this study is the simultaneous optimization of runoff quantity and quality using a newly developed code. Results include the type, optimum volume and percent of land occupation and sub-catchments number which contain BMPs based on a binary decision variable. According to the top 10 solutions, the optimal number of selected sub-catchments for the construction of retention ponds varies between 13 and 15, while this number varies between 0 and 10 for vegetative swales. The optimal area of retention ponds is calculated from 3000 to 147,000 m<sup>2</sup>, while this value for vegetative swales is obtained from 1000 to 126,000 m<sup>2</sup>. The runoff volume decreased from about 552,000 m<sup>3</sup> in the initial state to the range of 13,337 to 14,869 m<sup>3</sup> after the use of BMPs. Also, the amount of <i>TSS</i> reduced from 2299 kg in the initial state to 2162 kg after BMPs employment.</p>

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Multi-objective optimization of location and volume of retention ponds and area of vegetated swales to manage the quality and quantity of urban runoff

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月16日

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  • Hossein Naghibzadeh,
  • Mohsen Saadat,
  • Shamsa Basirat,
  • Mehran Iranpour Mobarakeh

摘要

Retention ponds and vegetated swales, as two of the best management practices (BMPs), are well-known for their environmental and economic benefits in curbing the qualitative and quantitative aspects of urban runoff. This paper aims to determine the optimal number of locations, as well as the optimal volumes and areas, for retention ponds and vegetated swales. For this purpose, the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) is employed and linked to the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II). This approach is applied in an appropriate case study. Minimizing runoff volume, pollution and BMPs construction and maintenance costs are three objective functions. The main innovation incorporated in this study is the simultaneous optimization of runoff quantity and quality using a newly developed code. Results include the type, optimum volume and percent of land occupation and sub-catchments number which contain BMPs based on a binary decision variable. According to the top 10 solutions, the optimal number of selected sub-catchments for the construction of retention ponds varies between 13 and 15, while this number varies between 0 and 10 for vegetative swales. The optimal area of retention ponds is calculated from 3000 to 147,000 m2, while this value for vegetative swales is obtained from 1000 to 126,000 m2. The runoff volume decreased from about 552,000 m3 in the initial state to the range of 13,337 to 14,869 m3 after the use of BMPs. Also, the amount of TSS reduced from 2299 kg in the initial state to 2162 kg after BMPs employment.