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Abstract <p>Phthalates are plastic additives, widely recognized for their long-term stability in the environment, widespread occurrence, and toxic effects as endocrine disrupting compounds. Lack of approved analytical procedures and discharge standards has created a grave concern across the world. The present study aims to assess phthalate esters in the River Tawi, a tributary of the River Chenab, located in the state of Jammu and Kashmir, India. The water and sediment of the river Tawi were collected from the downstream and extracted by liquid–liquid extraction and ultrasonication methods, and analyzed for two phthalates, namely Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC–MS). DBP was detected in the water samples in the range of 5.2 ± 0.3 to 13.4 ± 0.4&#xa0;µg/L, and in sediment samples from below detection limits (BDL) to 18.1 ± 1.1&#xa0;µg/kg, whereas DEHP was detected in the water samples in the range of BDL to 4.8 ± 0.3&#xa0;µg/L, and BDL to 0.2 ± 0.1&#xa0;µg/kg in sediment samples, respectively. DBP and DEHP showed 50% and 100% detection rates in water samples and 16.6% and 66.6% in sediment samples. Human health risk assessment (Children and adults) revealed no risk for DBP and DEHP. Further, the concentrations of DBP and DEHP recorded in River Tawi were well below the Canadian drinking water guidelines and River sediment Benchmark (RSB). This study aligns with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), 14 (Life Below Water), and 17 (Responsible Consumption and Production).</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Phthalates in riverine system: occurrence, distribution, and risk assessment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月8日

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  • Stanzin Chenlak,
  • Kadapakkam Nandabalan Yogalakshmi

摘要

Abstract

Phthalates are plastic additives, widely recognized for their long-term stability in the environment, widespread occurrence, and toxic effects as endocrine disrupting compounds. Lack of approved analytical procedures and discharge standards has created a grave concern across the world. The present study aims to assess phthalate esters in the River Tawi, a tributary of the River Chenab, located in the state of Jammu and Kashmir, India. The water and sediment of the river Tawi were collected from the downstream and extracted by liquid–liquid extraction and ultrasonication methods, and analyzed for two phthalates, namely Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC–MS). DBP was detected in the water samples in the range of 5.2 ± 0.3 to 13.4 ± 0.4 µg/L, and in sediment samples from below detection limits (BDL) to 18.1 ± 1.1 µg/kg, whereas DEHP was detected in the water samples in the range of BDL to 4.8 ± 0.3 µg/L, and BDL to 0.2 ± 0.1 µg/kg in sediment samples, respectively. DBP and DEHP showed 50% and 100% detection rates in water samples and 16.6% and 66.6% in sediment samples. Human health risk assessment (Children and adults) revealed no risk for DBP and DEHP. Further, the concentrations of DBP and DEHP recorded in River Tawi were well below the Canadian drinking water guidelines and River sediment Benchmark (RSB). This study aligns with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), 14 (Life Below Water), and 17 (Responsible Consumption and Production).

Graphical abstract