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<p>Seawater constitutes the largest available water resource on earth. It is rich in mineral salts, which makes it unsuitable for various industrial operations because of its high hardness. Softening processes responsible for reducing the hardness of aqueous solutions are widely employed to improve water quality. In this innovative study, two anionic surfactants derived from vegetable oils were evaluated for seawater softening via ionic flocculation. The surfactants were synthesized from coconut oil (OCS) and soybean oil (SSBO) and applied to the ionic flocculation process of seawater at concentrations ranging from 1 to 39&#xa0;g&#xa0;L<sup>− 1</sup>. The efficiency of seawater treatment was measured by the reduction in total hardness, achieving softening of 86.83% for OCS and 72.79% for SSBO at the maximum concentration studied. In addition, a predictive mathematical model (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.99) was developed to correlate the experimentally achieved softening level with the molar concentration of the surfactants. To assess the applicability of softened seawater in sectors with high water demand, such as the textile industry, its use was investigated in processes involving the purging, bleaching, and dyeing of cotton fabrics. The first two processes yielded results equivalent to those obtained using freshwater. However, in dyeing processes, the obtained color intensity and uniformity results revealed a high application potential. Therefore, it is evident that seawater softening via micellar ionic flocculation is effective and may represent a viable alternative to meet water demands, especially in critical situations of freshwater scarcity.</p>

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Softening of seawater by ionic flocculation using surfactants derived from vegetable oils and its application in textile industry processes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月16日

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  • Iêda Letícia de Souza Ferreira,
  • Maria Eduarda Belinho Bezerra,
  • Clovis de Medeiros Bezerra,
  • Kilton Renan Alves Pereira,
  • Lindemberg de Jesus Nogueira Duarte,
  • Eduardo Lins de Barros Neto

摘要

Seawater constitutes the largest available water resource on earth. It is rich in mineral salts, which makes it unsuitable for various industrial operations because of its high hardness. Softening processes responsible for reducing the hardness of aqueous solutions are widely employed to improve water quality. In this innovative study, two anionic surfactants derived from vegetable oils were evaluated for seawater softening via ionic flocculation. The surfactants were synthesized from coconut oil (OCS) and soybean oil (SSBO) and applied to the ionic flocculation process of seawater at concentrations ranging from 1 to 39 g L− 1. The efficiency of seawater treatment was measured by the reduction in total hardness, achieving softening of 86.83% for OCS and 72.79% for SSBO at the maximum concentration studied. In addition, a predictive mathematical model (R2 = 0.99) was developed to correlate the experimentally achieved softening level with the molar concentration of the surfactants. To assess the applicability of softened seawater in sectors with high water demand, such as the textile industry, its use was investigated in processes involving the purging, bleaching, and dyeing of cotton fabrics. The first two processes yielded results equivalent to those obtained using freshwater. However, in dyeing processes, the obtained color intensity and uniformity results revealed a high application potential. Therefore, it is evident that seawater softening via micellar ionic flocculation is effective and may represent a viable alternative to meet water demands, especially in critical situations of freshwater scarcity.