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<p>Stable δ<sup>18</sup>O and δ<sup>2</sup>H isotopic signatures are the key tools to understand the hydrological and climatic processes regulating the springs in the Himalayan watersheds. In this study δ<sup>18</sup>O and δ<sup>2</sup>H signatures of springs along with surface water, rainwater, and snowmelt were evaluated to understand the isotopic characteristics and recharge source of springs in the Vishaw catchment, Kashmir valley, Western Himalaya. Moreover, the discharge and temperature measurements of springs were also calculated which were found in the ranges of 0.3–2.1&#xa0;l/s and 8–14&#xa0;°C respectively. The slope of the Vishaw local meteoric water line (VLMWL, δ<sup>2</sup>H = 7.18δ<sup>18</sup>O + 0.2 (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.92) is lower than the global meteoric water line (GMWL, δ<sup>2</sup>H = 8 × δ<sup>18</sup>O + 10 (r<sup>2</sup> = 1) reflecting the impact of secondary evaporation. The slopes of spring water (δ<sup>2</sup>H = 5.34δ<sup>18</sup>O − 1.11 (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.62), surface water (δ<sup>2</sup>H = 4.72δ<sup>18</sup>O − 6.57 (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.61), and snowmelt water (δ<sup>2</sup>H = 6.5δ<sup>18</sup>O + 9.25 (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.28) lines are smaller as compared to VLMWL and GMWL reflects the evaporation effect. However, these lines are comparable to one another indicating common relationship. The possible source of spring recharge in the catchment is snowmelt, however spring–surface water interaction also exists, indicating both snowmelt and surface water are conjointly recharging the springs. The average <i>d-excess</i> values of springs are &gt; 10 ‰, which are within the average values of snowmelt and surface water, indicating that mixing of local and Mediterranean Sea moisture is the source origin. The main Vishaw River and some springs, particularly in the southeastern and northwestern parts of the catchment, exhibited a clear altitude effect. The recharge altitude of spring is estimated in the range of 2110–2990&#xa0;m amsl.</p>

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Spring water recharge source identification and its interaction with surface water in the southwest Himalayan Vishaw River catchment: insights from stable δ18O and δ2H isotopes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月5日

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  • Fahim Un Nisa,
  • Rashid Umar,
  • Akhtar Jahan,
  • Sudhir Kumar

摘要

Stable δ18O and δ2H isotopic signatures are the key tools to understand the hydrological and climatic processes regulating the springs in the Himalayan watersheds. In this study δ18O and δ2H signatures of springs along with surface water, rainwater, and snowmelt were evaluated to understand the isotopic characteristics and recharge source of springs in the Vishaw catchment, Kashmir valley, Western Himalaya. Moreover, the discharge and temperature measurements of springs were also calculated which were found in the ranges of 0.3–2.1 l/s and 8–14 °C respectively. The slope of the Vishaw local meteoric water line (VLMWL, δ2H = 7.18δ18O + 0.2 (r2 = 0.92) is lower than the global meteoric water line (GMWL, δ2H = 8 × δ18O + 10 (r2 = 1) reflecting the impact of secondary evaporation. The slopes of spring water (δ2H = 5.34δ18O − 1.11 (r2 = 0.62), surface water (δ2H = 4.72δ18O − 6.57 (r2 = 0.61), and snowmelt water (δ2H = 6.5δ18O + 9.25 (r2 = 0.28) lines are smaller as compared to VLMWL and GMWL reflects the evaporation effect. However, these lines are comparable to one another indicating common relationship. The possible source of spring recharge in the catchment is snowmelt, however spring–surface water interaction also exists, indicating both snowmelt and surface water are conjointly recharging the springs. The average d-excess values of springs are > 10 ‰, which are within the average values of snowmelt and surface water, indicating that mixing of local and Mediterranean Sea moisture is the source origin. The main Vishaw River and some springs, particularly in the southeastern and northwestern parts of the catchment, exhibited a clear altitude effect. The recharge altitude of spring is estimated in the range of 2110–2990 m amsl.