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<p> <?tk 1?>The Mount Makiling Forest Reserve (MMFR) serves as a vital watershed, meeting the water needs of the municipality of Los&#xa0;Baños&#xa0;and the City of Calamba, Laguna, Philippines. The abundance of hot springs and hot groundwater sources in the area has led to the establishment of numerous&#xa0;resorts that take advantage of the natural hot water in their swimming pools and baths.&#xa0;However, the rapid growth in resorts&#xa0;has significantly impacted groundwater resources. This study examines 100 resorts, focusing on their water sources and the management of the extracted groundwater. Of this number, 14 are public resorts (big resorts open to the public), while 86 are private resorts (smaller exclusive resorts).&#xa0;The research estimates that Calamba and Los Baños resorts collectively extract about 0.947 million cubic meters of water per month during the peak season and 0.316 million cubic meters per month during the lean season through pumps and deep wells. Among public resorts, 35.7% partially change their water daily during the peak season, while 69% of private resorts change pool water after every use during peak and lean seasons. Though most resorts use chlorine as primary water treatment, roughly half of the public resorts (50%) and most (71%) private resorts discharge their used pool water into street drainage systems.&#xa0;Water conservation practices include leak detection, maintaining lower pool water levels, and reusing pool water for watering plants.&#xa0;This paper recommends developing policies to regulate groundwater extraction by resort and pool water disposal methods and&#xa0;adopting water conservation measures.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Groundwater use of the resort-based industry in Laguna, Philippines

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月8日

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  • Vanessa M. Palma-Torres,
  • Jan Joseph V. Dida,
  • Angela Marie S. Alducente,
  • Canesio  D. Predo,
  • Analyn L. Codilan,
  • Margaret M. Calderon

摘要

The Mount Makiling Forest Reserve (MMFR) serves as a vital watershed, meeting the water needs of the municipality of Los Baños and the City of Calamba, Laguna, Philippines. The abundance of hot springs and hot groundwater sources in the area has led to the establishment of numerous resorts that take advantage of the natural hot water in their swimming pools and baths. However, the rapid growth in resorts has significantly impacted groundwater resources. This study examines 100 resorts, focusing on their water sources and the management of the extracted groundwater. Of this number, 14 are public resorts (big resorts open to the public), while 86 are private resorts (smaller exclusive resorts). The research estimates that Calamba and Los Baños resorts collectively extract about 0.947 million cubic meters of water per month during the peak season and 0.316 million cubic meters per month during the lean season through pumps and deep wells. Among public resorts, 35.7% partially change their water daily during the peak season, while 69% of private resorts change pool water after every use during peak and lean seasons. Though most resorts use chlorine as primary water treatment, roughly half of the public resorts (50%) and most (71%) private resorts discharge their used pool water into street drainage systems. Water conservation practices include leak detection, maintaining lower pool water levels, and reusing pool water for watering plants. This paper recommends developing policies to regulate groundwater extraction by resort and pool water disposal methods and adopting water conservation measures.

Graphical abstract