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<p>Construction on problematic soils, such as loose sand and expansive clay, remains a major challenge in civil engineering. This study investigates the effectiveness of fly ash in stabilizing loose sand and expansive clay under different saturation conditions. Loose sand with a relative density (DR) of 50% was treated with 5%, 10%, and 15% fly ash, prepared under oven-dry, room-temperature, and fully saturated conditions, and tested using the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test. Expansive clay specimens were treated with the same fly ash content and evaluated based on the California Bearing Ratio (CBR), Atterberg limit, and swelling index. The results show that increasing the fly ash content improves the mechanical behavior of both soils, whereas higher saturation levels reduce the UCS of loose sand. The highest UCS value of 80.85&#xa0;kPa, was obtained at 15% fly ash under dry conditions. In expansive clay, the addition of fly ash reduced plasticity, increased CBR values, and decreased the swelling potential from 9.22% to 3.23%, changing the expansivity category from high to moderate. At 15% fly ash, the stabilized clay met the subgrade requirement, with CBR values of 6.53% and 9.28% under soaked and unsoaked conditions, respectively. XRD and SEM analyses confirmed the formation of cementitious compounds, including C–S–H, as well as denser soil structures due to pore filling and interparticle bonding. The findings indicate that the method is highly effective for clay, irrespective of wet or saturated conditions. In contrast, saturation drastically reduces its effectiveness in sand.</p>

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Effectiveness of Fly Ash in Improving Loose Sand and Expansive Clay under Different Saturation Conditions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月29日

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  • Heriansyah Putra,
  • Herlina Aulia Daulay,
  • Yunan Yakuta Wangsawitana,
  • Ratna Atika Huwaida,
  • Erizal,
  • Minson Simatupang,
  • Siti Nikmatin,
  • Hideaki Yasuhara,
  • Naoki Kinoshita,
  • Frehaileab Admasu

摘要

Construction on problematic soils, such as loose sand and expansive clay, remains a major challenge in civil engineering. This study investigates the effectiveness of fly ash in stabilizing loose sand and expansive clay under different saturation conditions. Loose sand with a relative density (DR) of 50% was treated with 5%, 10%, and 15% fly ash, prepared under oven-dry, room-temperature, and fully saturated conditions, and tested using the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test. Expansive clay specimens were treated with the same fly ash content and evaluated based on the California Bearing Ratio (CBR), Atterberg limit, and swelling index. The results show that increasing the fly ash content improves the mechanical behavior of both soils, whereas higher saturation levels reduce the UCS of loose sand. The highest UCS value of 80.85 kPa, was obtained at 15% fly ash under dry conditions. In expansive clay, the addition of fly ash reduced plasticity, increased CBR values, and decreased the swelling potential from 9.22% to 3.23%, changing the expansivity category from high to moderate. At 15% fly ash, the stabilized clay met the subgrade requirement, with CBR values of 6.53% and 9.28% under soaked and unsoaked conditions, respectively. XRD and SEM analyses confirmed the formation of cementitious compounds, including C–S–H, as well as denser soil structures due to pore filling and interparticle bonding. The findings indicate that the method is highly effective for clay, irrespective of wet or saturated conditions. In contrast, saturation drastically reduces its effectiveness in sand.