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<p>This study examines the use of recycled fine aggregates (RFA) from construction and demolition waste as a principal component in geopolymer binder systems, when paired with fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) for road construction purposes. The study concentrates on creating an environmentally sustainable geopolymer composite by refining the ratios of construction and demolition waste fine fraction, fly ash, and ground granulated blast-furnace slag as precursor materials. Multiple mix designs were evaluated to identify the optimal binder composition that meets the required mechanical and durability specifications for road pavement applications. Geopolymer samples activated only with NaOH demonstrated higher unconfined compressive strength (UCS) compared to those activated with a sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide mixture (SS/SH ratio of 1). The UCS values of the RFA-FA-GGBS geopolymers cured at 60<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:^\circ\:\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>C shows a slight increase compared to ambient-cured samples. The geopolymer-treated samples exhibited UCS values ranging from 6.04 to 19.94&#xa0;MPa, indicating adequate strength for pavement stabilization applications. In addition, the soaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values ranged from 184% to 417%, significantly exceeding the minimum requirements for cement-stabilized subgrade or sub-base materials specified in IRC: SP:89–2010. Microstructural and mineralogical changes associated with geopolymerization were confirmed through FESEM and XRD analyses. Furthermore, TCLP results indicated that heavy metal concentrations in the leachate remained within the USEPA limits. Overall, the findings demonstrate that the RFA–FA–GGBS geopolymer system offers a sustainable alternative for pavement stabilization, promoting the effective utilization of construction and demolition waste while reducing reliance on conventional cement-based materials in road infrastructure.</p>

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Valorization of C&D Waste Through Geopolymerization with Fly Ash and GGBS for Sustainable Road Pavement Layers

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月16日

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  • Alok Bijalwan,
  • Anil Kumar Mishra

摘要

This study examines the use of recycled fine aggregates (RFA) from construction and demolition waste as a principal component in geopolymer binder systems, when paired with fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) for road construction purposes. The study concentrates on creating an environmentally sustainable geopolymer composite by refining the ratios of construction and demolition waste fine fraction, fly ash, and ground granulated blast-furnace slag as precursor materials. Multiple mix designs were evaluated to identify the optimal binder composition that meets the required mechanical and durability specifications for road pavement applications. Geopolymer samples activated only with NaOH demonstrated higher unconfined compressive strength (UCS) compared to those activated with a sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide mixture (SS/SH ratio of 1). The UCS values of the RFA-FA-GGBS geopolymers cured at 60 \(\:^\circ\:\) C shows a slight increase compared to ambient-cured samples. The geopolymer-treated samples exhibited UCS values ranging from 6.04 to 19.94 MPa, indicating adequate strength for pavement stabilization applications. In addition, the soaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values ranged from 184% to 417%, significantly exceeding the minimum requirements for cement-stabilized subgrade or sub-base materials specified in IRC: SP:89–2010. Microstructural and mineralogical changes associated with geopolymerization were confirmed through FESEM and XRD analyses. Furthermore, TCLP results indicated that heavy metal concentrations in the leachate remained within the USEPA limits. Overall, the findings demonstrate that the RFA–FA–GGBS geopolymer system offers a sustainable alternative for pavement stabilization, promoting the effective utilization of construction and demolition waste while reducing reliance on conventional cement-based materials in road infrastructure.