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<p>Clayey soils exhibit low permeability, frost susceptibility, and weak strength, posing challenges for geotechnical applications under climate extremes. This study evaluates Mustard Biochar (MB), <i>Prosopis Juliflora</i> Biochar (PB), and Bamboo Biochar (BB) for improving hydraulic conductivity, compressive strength, and freeze-thaw (F&amp;T) resilience in clayey soil. Laboratory tests included falling-head permeability, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), compaction, SEM analysis, and regression with 3D response surface mapping at 5, 10, and 15% biochar amendments. Results showed that 5% MB/PB reduced permeability (3.6 × 10⁻⁸ cm/s) through pore clogging, suitable for landfill liners, while 15% BB increased permeability (3.25 × 10⁻⁴ cm/s) via macropores, optimizing stormwater drainage. Regression identified dosage thresholds, e.g., &gt; 10% BB amplified F&amp;T-induced permeability, and 3D mapping revealed nonlinear strength–permeability tradeoffs. Compaction tests indicated reduced maximum dry unit weight (15.73 → 10.64 kN/m³) and increased optimum moisture content (26.06 → 33.40%), enabling lightweight fills. UCS-based undrained shear strength peaked at 73&#xa0;kPa (10% PB) with &gt; 85% F&amp;T resilience. SEM confirmed that MB/PB fine pores (&lt; 10&#xa0;μm) resisted cracking, whereas BB macropores (~ 20&#xa0;μm) facilitated drainage. A dosage-dependent framework is proposed: 5% for hydraulic barriers, 10% for structural applications, and 15% for ecological engineering. The study demonstrates that agricultural waste-derived biochars can transform clayey soils into sustainable, climate-resilient geomaterials for diverse civil and environmental applications.</p>

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Biochar-Amended Clayey Soil: Enhancing Permeability, Compressive Strength, and Freezing-Thawing Resilience for Sustainable Geotechnical Applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月28日

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  • Dinken Paksok,
  • Ajanta Kalita,
  • K. Ravi

摘要

Clayey soils exhibit low permeability, frost susceptibility, and weak strength, posing challenges for geotechnical applications under climate extremes. This study evaluates Mustard Biochar (MB), Prosopis Juliflora Biochar (PB), and Bamboo Biochar (BB) for improving hydraulic conductivity, compressive strength, and freeze-thaw (F&T) resilience in clayey soil. Laboratory tests included falling-head permeability, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), compaction, SEM analysis, and regression with 3D response surface mapping at 5, 10, and 15% biochar amendments. Results showed that 5% MB/PB reduced permeability (3.6 × 10⁻⁸ cm/s) through pore clogging, suitable for landfill liners, while 15% BB increased permeability (3.25 × 10⁻⁴ cm/s) via macropores, optimizing stormwater drainage. Regression identified dosage thresholds, e.g., > 10% BB amplified F&T-induced permeability, and 3D mapping revealed nonlinear strength–permeability tradeoffs. Compaction tests indicated reduced maximum dry unit weight (15.73 → 10.64 kN/m³) and increased optimum moisture content (26.06 → 33.40%), enabling lightweight fills. UCS-based undrained shear strength peaked at 73 kPa (10% PB) with > 85% F&T resilience. SEM confirmed that MB/PB fine pores (< 10 μm) resisted cracking, whereas BB macropores (~ 20 μm) facilitated drainage. A dosage-dependent framework is proposed: 5% for hydraulic barriers, 10% for structural applications, and 15% for ecological engineering. The study demonstrates that agricultural waste-derived biochars can transform clayey soils into sustainable, climate-resilient geomaterials for diverse civil and environmental applications.