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Abstract <p>Titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) has garnered significant attention in biomedical applications, particularly in drug delivery and tissue engineering, due to its excellent biocompatibility, surface modifiability, and physicochemical properties. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of TiO<sub>2</sub>’s potential in these fields, beginning with an overview of its synthesis methods, which influence TiO<sub>2</sub>’s morphology, size, and surface characteristics. The review highlights TiO<sub>2</sub>’s physicochemical properties, such as surface charge, ROS generation, and crystallinity, which contribute to its biocompatibility and therapeutic effectiveness. In drug delivery, TiO<sub>2</sub>-based systems, including nanoparticles, nanotubes, and composite structures, exhibit promising capabilities for drug loading, sustained release, and targeted delivery. However, challenges such as burst release and cytotoxicity require further optimization. The integration of TiO<sub>2</sub> in tissue engineering scaffolds enhances mechanical properties, cell attachment, and bioactivity, with applications in bone and soft tissue regeneration. The review also discusses the functionalization of TiO<sub>2</sub> through surface modifications and doping techniques, improving drug delivery efficiency and scaffold performance. The article concludes with a discussion on the challenges and future directions, emphasizing the need for long-term studies, optimized formulations, and the integration of bioactive molecules to enhance TiO<sub>2</sub>’s therapeutic potential in clinical applications.</p> Lay Summary <p> This review explains how titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>), a widely used and biocompatible material, can improve modern medicine. Researchers are using TiO<sub>2</sub> at the nanoscale to deliver drugs more precisely and to help repair damaged tissues. Compared to traditional treatments, TiO<sub>2</sub>-based systems can carry drugs efficiently, release them in a controlled way, and target specific areas like tumors, reducing side effects. In tissue engineering, TiO<sub>2</sub> strengthens scaffolds that support cell growth and healing, especially in bone and skin repair. However, challenges such as potential toxicity and sudden drug release still need improvement before these technologies can be widely used in clinical practice.</p>

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Biocompatible Titania for Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月7日

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  • Laleh Asadi,
  • Tabassom Mahmoudie,
  • Mitra Akbari,
  • Gity Behbudi

摘要

Abstract

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has garnered significant attention in biomedical applications, particularly in drug delivery and tissue engineering, due to its excellent biocompatibility, surface modifiability, and physicochemical properties. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of TiO2’s potential in these fields, beginning with an overview of its synthesis methods, which influence TiO2’s morphology, size, and surface characteristics. The review highlights TiO2’s physicochemical properties, such as surface charge, ROS generation, and crystallinity, which contribute to its biocompatibility and therapeutic effectiveness. In drug delivery, TiO2-based systems, including nanoparticles, nanotubes, and composite structures, exhibit promising capabilities for drug loading, sustained release, and targeted delivery. However, challenges such as burst release and cytotoxicity require further optimization. The integration of TiO2 in tissue engineering scaffolds enhances mechanical properties, cell attachment, and bioactivity, with applications in bone and soft tissue regeneration. The review also discusses the functionalization of TiO2 through surface modifications and doping techniques, improving drug delivery efficiency and scaffold performance. The article concludes with a discussion on the challenges and future directions, emphasizing the need for long-term studies, optimized formulations, and the integration of bioactive molecules to enhance TiO2’s therapeutic potential in clinical applications.

Lay Summary

This review explains how titanium dioxide (TiO2), a widely used and biocompatible material, can improve modern medicine. Researchers are using TiO2 at the nanoscale to deliver drugs more precisely and to help repair damaged tissues. Compared to traditional treatments, TiO2-based systems can carry drugs efficiently, release them in a controlled way, and target specific areas like tumors, reducing side effects. In tissue engineering, TiO2 strengthens scaffolds that support cell growth and healing, especially in bone and skin repair. However, challenges such as potential toxicity and sudden drug release still need improvement before these technologies can be widely used in clinical practice.