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Context <p>Graphene oxide (GO) has become a very useful nanomaterial for biomedical engineering because of its large surface area, tunable surface chemistry, and intrinsic photothermal/photodynamic characteristics. However, for GO to be used safely and reliably, surface functionalization must be done systemically.</p> Methods <p>Graphene oxide, polymer functionalization, biopolymer, drug delivery, and biocompatibility were among the keywords utilized in a targeted systematic review performed throughout PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect (2010–2025). We considered peer-reviewed publications evaluating GO synthesis/characterization, polymer functionalization (covalent/non-covalent), physicochemical metrics, and biological effects.</p> Results <p>This paper extensively analyzes the advancements in the functionalization of polymers and biopolymers, including covalent anchors, non-covalent wrapping, grafting-from/in-situ polymerizations, and hybrid layered coatings. It examines how various tactics improve colloidal stability, permit high and stimuli-responsive drug loading, impact the protein corona, and widen applications in drug delivery, photothermal/theranostic therapy, tissue engineering, and biosensing.</p> Conclusions <p>Significant translational challenges include variable material specification, poor in vivo identification and immunoprofiling, insufficient GLP-grade toxicology/biodistribution data, and underdeveloped scalable purification/manufacturing. Hybrid coatings that reconcile stability with maintained GO functionality, localized/device-specific applications, and data-informed design present the most practicable pathways to clinical translation.</p> Lay Summary <p>Graphene oxide (GO) is a thin, sheet-like material with a vast surface area that can transport drugs and respond to light. However, raw GO tends to clump in body fluids and can activate immune responses, which limits its medical use. Scientists coat GO with polymers or natural biopolymers (for example, PEG, chitosan, or hyaluronic acid) to keep it steady in blood, reduce unwanted protein “coating,” and let it hold and release medicines in a controlled way. These coatings can also help GO target specific cells, enhance imaging, or serve as scaffolds for tissue healing. The review summarizes many lab and animal studies showing promise in cancer therapy, wound healing, and diagnostics. Still, it highlights key challenges — inconsistent material reporting, limited long-term safety data, and manufacturing/ regulatory hurdles. The authors recommend standard testing, coordinated toxicology studies, and early regulator–industry collaboration to move GO treatments toward clinical use.</p>

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Polymer-Functionalized Graphene Oxide for Biomedical Applications: Strategies, Comparative Evaluation, and Translational Pathways

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月26日

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  • Sandip Bhoi,
  • Vikas Patil

摘要

Context

Graphene oxide (GO) has become a very useful nanomaterial for biomedical engineering because of its large surface area, tunable surface chemistry, and intrinsic photothermal/photodynamic characteristics. However, for GO to be used safely and reliably, surface functionalization must be done systemically.

Methods

Graphene oxide, polymer functionalization, biopolymer, drug delivery, and biocompatibility were among the keywords utilized in a targeted systematic review performed throughout PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect (2010–2025). We considered peer-reviewed publications evaluating GO synthesis/characterization, polymer functionalization (covalent/non-covalent), physicochemical metrics, and biological effects.

Results

This paper extensively analyzes the advancements in the functionalization of polymers and biopolymers, including covalent anchors, non-covalent wrapping, grafting-from/in-situ polymerizations, and hybrid layered coatings. It examines how various tactics improve colloidal stability, permit high and stimuli-responsive drug loading, impact the protein corona, and widen applications in drug delivery, photothermal/theranostic therapy, tissue engineering, and biosensing.

Conclusions

Significant translational challenges include variable material specification, poor in vivo identification and immunoprofiling, insufficient GLP-grade toxicology/biodistribution data, and underdeveloped scalable purification/manufacturing. Hybrid coatings that reconcile stability with maintained GO functionality, localized/device-specific applications, and data-informed design present the most practicable pathways to clinical translation.

Lay Summary

Graphene oxide (GO) is a thin, sheet-like material with a vast surface area that can transport drugs and respond to light. However, raw GO tends to clump in body fluids and can activate immune responses, which limits its medical use. Scientists coat GO with polymers or natural biopolymers (for example, PEG, chitosan, or hyaluronic acid) to keep it steady in blood, reduce unwanted protein “coating,” and let it hold and release medicines in a controlled way. These coatings can also help GO target specific cells, enhance imaging, or serve as scaffolds for tissue healing. The review summarizes many lab and animal studies showing promise in cancer therapy, wound healing, and diagnostics. Still, it highlights key challenges — inconsistent material reporting, limited long-term safety data, and manufacturing/ regulatory hurdles. The authors recommend standard testing, coordinated toxicology studies, and early regulator–industry collaboration to move GO treatments toward clinical use.