Abstract Bone tissue engineering (BTE) seeks to develop innovative solutions to repair and regenerate damaged bones, overcoming the clinical challenges imposed by complex fractures, extensive bone loss, and degenerative diseases. The osseous tissue is integral to maintaining good health, providing structural support, protecting vital organs, facilitating movement, acting as a mineral reservoir, enabling metabolic processes, housing bone marrow, and supporting the differentiation of hematopoietic cells. This review aims to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date analysis of the state of the art in bone tissue engineering, focusing on materials, techniques, growth factors, and clinical applications. A systematic search was performed to identify relevant research articles from the past decade. This research highlights the diverse composition of bone tissue engineering scaffolds, featuring composites of natural (chitosan, collagen, cellulose) and synthetic polymers (polycaprolactone, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), polylactic acid, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), polyvinyl alcohol), bioceramics (regenerate damaged bones, overcoming hydroxyapatite, alpha and beta-tricalcium phosphate, bioglasses), and decellularized matrices. A variety of techniques may be employed to produce scaffolds, including electrospinning, freeze-drying, and three-dimensional printing. Innovations centered on combining various biomaterials to leverage their synergistic properties, addressing individual material limitations. Growth factors play critical roles in bone engineering by regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, and matrix remodeling. The clinical application offers a promising alternative to traditional grafts by combining biomaterials, cells, and bioactive molecules to promote bone regeneration in critically large defects and complex skeletal injuries. In conclusion, BTE demonstrates a remarkable advance in the development of solutions for bone repair and regeneration, driven by innovations in biomaterials, manufacturing techniques, cells, and/or signaling molecules. Lay Summary Regenerative engineering aims to repair or replace damaged body using innovative approaches like tissue engineering. Bones are a vital tissue supporting the body and blood cell production. Bone tissue engineering aims at the regeneration of osseous tissue using engineered substitutes. These scaffolds can be made from natural materials like chitosan and collagen, synthetic polymers like PLA and PGA, or bioceramics like hydroxyapatite. Composite scaffolds, combining different materials, show great promise. Techniques like electrospinning and 3D printing are used to create these scaffolds. The ideal scaffold should be biocompatible, support cell growth, and mimic the natural bone environment to successful tissue regeneration. Description of Future Works Works in the field of bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine will focus on advanced biomaterial design; developing personalized therapies integrating cells and advanced technologies like artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, and bioprinting; producing innovative implants; and addressing ethical and societal implications of regenerative medicine while ensuring clinical translation and patient-centered outcomes.

A Review of Biomaterials and Techniques Used in Bone Tissue Engineering

期刊论文
发表日期：

2025年7月22日

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Thallyson Medeiros,
Natasha Maurmann,
Patricia Pranke

摘要

Abstract

Bone tissue engineering (BTE) seeks to develop innovative solutions to repair and regenerate damaged bones, overcoming the clinical challenges imposed by complex fractures, extensive bone loss, and degenerative diseases. The osseous tissue is integral to maintaining good health, providing structural support, protecting vital organs, facilitating movement, acting as a mineral reservoir, enabling metabolic processes, housing bone marrow, and supporting the differentiation of hematopoietic cells. This review aims to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date analysis of the state of the art in bone tissue engineering, focusing on materials, techniques, growth factors, and clinical applications. A systematic search was performed to identify relevant research articles from the past decade. This research highlights the diverse composition of bone tissue engineering scaffolds, featuring composites of natural (chitosan, collagen, cellulose) and synthetic polymers (polycaprolactone, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), polylactic acid, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), polyvinyl alcohol), bioceramics (regenerate damaged bones, overcoming hydroxyapatite, alpha and beta-tricalcium phosphate, bioglasses), and decellularized matrices. A variety of techniques may be employed to produce scaffolds, including electrospinning, freeze-drying, and three-dimensional printing. Innovations centered on combining various biomaterials to leverage their synergistic properties, addressing individual material limitations. Growth factors play critical roles in bone engineering by regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, and matrix remodeling. The clinical application offers a promising alternative to traditional grafts by combining biomaterials, cells, and bioactive molecules to promote bone regeneration in critically large defects and complex skeletal injuries. In conclusion, BTE demonstrates a remarkable advance in the development of solutions for bone repair and regeneration, driven by innovations in biomaterials, manufacturing techniques, cells, and/or signaling molecules.

Lay Summary

Regenerative engineering aims to repair or replace damaged body using innovative approaches like tissue engineering.

Bones are a vital tissue supporting the body and blood cell production. Bone tissue engineering aims at the regeneration of osseous tissue using engineered substitutes. These scaffolds can be made from natural materials like chitosan and collagen, synthetic polymers like PLA and PGA, or bioceramics like hydroxyapatite. Composite scaffolds, combining different materials, show great promise.

Techniques like electrospinning and 3D printing are used to create these scaffolds. The ideal scaffold should be biocompatible, support cell growth, and mimic the natural bone environment to successful tissue regeneration.

Description of Future Works

Works in the field of bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine will focus on advanced biomaterial design; developing personalized therapies integrating cells and advanced technologies like artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, and bioprinting; producing innovative implants; and addressing ethical and societal implications of regenerative medicine while ensuring clinical translation and patient-centered outcomes.