<p>For a finite group <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(G\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>G</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, let <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\nu _p(G)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mi>p</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> be the number of Sylow <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(p\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>p</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-subgroups of <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(G\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>G</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, let <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\sigma _p(G)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>σ</mi> <mi>p</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> be their common order, and <Equation ID="Equ14"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( \gamma (G)=\int _0^1\!\!\sum _{p\in \pi (G)}\!\!\nu _p(G)\hspace{1.111pt}x^{\sigma _p(G)}\,dx \,=\!\!\sum _{p\in \pi (G)}\frac{\nu _p(G)}{\sigma _p(G)+1}\hspace{0.55542pt}. \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mi>γ</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msubsup> <mo>∫</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mn>1</mn> </msubsup> <mspace width="-0.166667em" /> <mspace width="-0.166667em" /> <munder> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow> <mi>p</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>π</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </munder> <mspace width="-0.166667em" /> <mspace width="-0.166667em" /> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mi>p</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="1.111pt" /> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow> <msub> <mi>σ</mi> <mi>p</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mi>d</mi> <mi>x</mi> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mo>=</mo> <mspace width="-0.166667em" /> <mspace width="-0.166667em" /> <munder> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow> <mi>p</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>π</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </munder> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mi>p</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <msub> <mi>σ</mi> <mi>p</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </mfrac> <mspace width="0.55542pt" /> <mo>.</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>A conjecture attributed to Anabanti and Asboei asserts that, for every finite nonsolvable group <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(G\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>G</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, the equality <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\gamma (G)=9/2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>γ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>9</mn> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> holds if and only if <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(G\cong A_5\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>G</mi> <mo>≅</mo> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mn>5</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. We disprove this assertion by an explicit central extension of <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(A_5\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mn>5</mn> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. More generally, we prove an exact compensation formula for direct products <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(A_5\hspace{0.55542pt}{\times }\hspace{1.111pt}N\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mn>5</mn> </msub> <mspace width="0.55542pt" /> <mo>×</mo> <mspace width="1.111pt" /> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, where <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(N\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>N</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is finite nilpotent. The formula reduces the equality <InlineEquation ID="IEq14"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\gamma (A_5\hspace{0.55542pt}{\times }\hspace{1.111pt}N)=9/2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>γ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mn>5</mn> </msub> <mspace width="0.55542pt" /> <mo>×</mo> <mspace width="1.111pt" /> <mi>N</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>9</mn> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> to a finite Egyptian-fraction equation in the orders of the Sylow subgroups of <InlineEquation ID="IEq15"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(N\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>N</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Taking <Equation ID="Equ15"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( N=\mathsf C_2\hspace{0.55542pt}{\times }\hspace{1.111pt}\mathsf C_7\hspace{0.55542pt}{\times }\hspace{1.111pt}\mathsf C_{11}\hspace{0.55542pt}{\times }\hspace{1.111pt}\mathsf C_{13}\hspace{0.55542pt}{\times }\hspace{1.111pt}\mathsf C_{17}\hspace{0.55542pt}{\times }\hspace{1.111pt}\mathsf C_{19}\hspace{0.55542pt}{\times }\hspace{1.111pt}\mathsf C_{29}\hspace{0.55542pt}{\times }\hspace{1.111pt}\mathsf C_{71}\hspace{0.55542pt}{\times }\hspace{1.111pt}\mathsf C_{83}, \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mi>N</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">C</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mspace width="0.55542pt" /> <mo>×</mo> <mspace width="1.111pt" /> <msub> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">C</mi> <mn>7</mn> </msub> <mspace width="0.55542pt" /> <mo>×</mo> <mspace width="1.111pt" /> <msub> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">C</mi> <mn>11</mn> </msub> <mspace width="0.55542pt" /> <mo>×</mo> <mspace width="1.111pt" /> <msub> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">C</mi> <mn>13</mn> </msub> <mspace width="0.55542pt" /> <mo>×</mo> <mspace width="1.111pt" /> <msub> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">C</mi> <mn>17</mn> </msub> <mspace width="0.55542pt" /> <mo>×</mo> <mspace width="1.111pt" /> <msub> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">C</mi> <mn>19</mn> </msub> <mspace width="0.55542pt" /> <mo>×</mo> <mspace width="1.111pt" /> <msub> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">C</mi> <mn>29</mn> </msub> <mspace width="0.55542pt" /> <mo>×</mo> <mspace width="1.111pt" /> <msub> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">C</mi> <mn>71</mn> </msub> <mspace width="0.55542pt" /> <mo>×</mo> <mspace width="1.111pt" /> <msub> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">C</mi> <mn>83</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>the loss in the old <InlineEquation ID="IEq16"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-Sylow contribution is exactly compensated by the new normal Sylow subgroups. Hence <InlineEquation ID="IEq17"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(A_5\hspace{0.55542pt}{\times }\hspace{1.111pt}N\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mn>5</mn> </msub> <mspace width="0.55542pt" /> <mo>×</mo> <mspace width="1.111pt" /> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is nonsolvable, is not isomorphic to <InlineEquation ID="IEq18"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(A_5\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mn>5</mn> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, has solvable radical <InlineEquation ID="IEq19"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(N\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>N</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and nevertheless satisfies <InlineEquation ID="IEq20"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\gamma (A_5\hspace{0.55542pt}{\times }\hspace{1.111pt}N)=9/2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>γ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mn>5</mn> </msub> <mspace width="0.55542pt" /> <mo>×</mo> <mspace width="1.111pt" /> <mi>N</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>9</mn> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Several further exact compensation certificates are also recorded.</p>

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A compensation theorem for the Sylow-integral invariant and counterexamples to an \(A_5\)-characterization conjecture

  • Yutong Zhang,
  • Yaoran Yang

摘要

For a finite group \(G\) G , let \(\nu _p(G)\) ν p ( G ) be the number of Sylow \(p\) p -subgroups of \(G\) G , let \(\sigma _p(G)\) σ p ( G ) be their common order, and \( \gamma (G)=\int _0^1\!\!\sum _{p\in \pi (G)}\!\!\nu _p(G)\hspace{1.111pt}x^{\sigma _p(G)}\,dx \,=\!\!\sum _{p\in \pi (G)}\frac{\nu _p(G)}{\sigma _p(G)+1}\hspace{0.55542pt}. \) γ ( G ) = 0 1 p π ( G ) ν p ( G ) x σ p ( G ) d x = p π ( G ) ν p ( G ) σ p ( G ) + 1 . A conjecture attributed to Anabanti and Asboei asserts that, for every finite nonsolvable group \(G\) G , the equality \(\gamma (G)=9/2\) γ ( G ) = 9 / 2 holds if and only if \(G\cong A_5\) G A 5 . We disprove this assertion by an explicit central extension of \(A_5\) A 5 . More generally, we prove an exact compensation formula for direct products \(A_5\hspace{0.55542pt}{\times }\hspace{1.111pt}N\) A 5 × N , where \(N\) N is finite nilpotent. The formula reduces the equality \(\gamma (A_5\hspace{0.55542pt}{\times }\hspace{1.111pt}N)=9/2\) γ ( A 5 × N ) = 9 / 2 to a finite Egyptian-fraction equation in the orders of the Sylow subgroups of \(N\) N . Taking \( N=\mathsf C_2\hspace{0.55542pt}{\times }\hspace{1.111pt}\mathsf C_7\hspace{0.55542pt}{\times }\hspace{1.111pt}\mathsf C_{11}\hspace{0.55542pt}{\times }\hspace{1.111pt}\mathsf C_{13}\hspace{0.55542pt}{\times }\hspace{1.111pt}\mathsf C_{17}\hspace{0.55542pt}{\times }\hspace{1.111pt}\mathsf C_{19}\hspace{0.55542pt}{\times }\hspace{1.111pt}\mathsf C_{29}\hspace{0.55542pt}{\times }\hspace{1.111pt}\mathsf C_{71}\hspace{0.55542pt}{\times }\hspace{1.111pt}\mathsf C_{83}, \) N = C 2 × C 7 × C 11 × C 13 × C 17 × C 19 × C 29 × C 71 × C 83 , the loss in the old \(2\) 2 -Sylow contribution is exactly compensated by the new normal Sylow subgroups. Hence \(A_5\hspace{0.55542pt}{\times }\hspace{1.111pt}N\) A 5 × N is nonsolvable, is not isomorphic to \(A_5\) A 5 , has solvable radical \(N\) N , and nevertheless satisfies \(\gamma (A_5\hspace{0.55542pt}{\times }\hspace{1.111pt}N)=9/2\) γ ( A 5 × N ) = 9 / 2 . Several further exact compensation certificates are also recorded.