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<p>Understanding the high-strain-rate (HSR) behavior of granular materials at the particle scale is critical for enhancing predictive models in geotechnical, defense, and materials engineering applications. This study presents a comprehensive experimental analysis of the dynamic compressive response of ASTM2030 single-crystalline silica sand particles subjected to one-dimensional (1D) unconfined compression using a mini-Kolsky bar system. Twenty-four individual grains were tested across five distinct high-strain rate (HSR) loading rates (1&#xa0;m/s, 2.25&#xa0;m/s, 3&#xa0;m/s, 5&#xa0;m/s, and 14.5&#xa0;m/s). The initial crystallographic orientations of sand grains were determined using Laue X-ray diffraction, and their morphologies were characterized via 3D high-resolution X-ray computed tomography (micro-CT) images. Post-loading microstructural investigations demonstrated that the compressive strength is highly influenced by both strain rate and internal composition, particularly the presence of high atomic number (Z) inclusions. Experimental results demonstrated a strong linear relationship between the loading rate and the peak fracture force. Grains tested along the crystallographic c-axis exhibited up to twice the fracture strength of rotated grains, while those contained fewer voids and a higher content of high-Z inclusions exhibited a higher resistance to failure. These findings underline the significance of microstructural characteristics in driving dynamic particle failure and provide a much-needed dataset for calibrating particle-scale discrete element models (DEM) that account for fracture processes and incorporate particle morphology and crystal structure. The results have extensive applications to enhance the design and performance of granular systems subjected to dynamic loading conditions.</p>

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Influence of Loading Rate on Fracture Stress of Single Crystalline Sand Particles

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月24日

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  • I. Gharaibeh,
  • D. Casem,
  • B. M. Patterson,
  • K. A. Alshibli

摘要

Understanding the high-strain-rate (HSR) behavior of granular materials at the particle scale is critical for enhancing predictive models in geotechnical, defense, and materials engineering applications. This study presents a comprehensive experimental analysis of the dynamic compressive response of ASTM2030 single-crystalline silica sand particles subjected to one-dimensional (1D) unconfined compression using a mini-Kolsky bar system. Twenty-four individual grains were tested across five distinct high-strain rate (HSR) loading rates (1 m/s, 2.25 m/s, 3 m/s, 5 m/s, and 14.5 m/s). The initial crystallographic orientations of sand grains were determined using Laue X-ray diffraction, and their morphologies were characterized via 3D high-resolution X-ray computed tomography (micro-CT) images. Post-loading microstructural investigations demonstrated that the compressive strength is highly influenced by both strain rate and internal composition, particularly the presence of high atomic number (Z) inclusions. Experimental results demonstrated a strong linear relationship between the loading rate and the peak fracture force. Grains tested along the crystallographic c-axis exhibited up to twice the fracture strength of rotated grains, while those contained fewer voids and a higher content of high-Z inclusions exhibited a higher resistance to failure. These findings underline the significance of microstructural characteristics in driving dynamic particle failure and provide a much-needed dataset for calibrating particle-scale discrete element models (DEM) that account for fracture processes and incorporate particle morphology and crystal structure. The results have extensive applications to enhance the design and performance of granular systems subjected to dynamic loading conditions.