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<p>Bengkulu Province is located along the Indian Ocean coastline, providing abundant potential for ocean wave energy. However, the utilization of this resource, particularly for low-wave condition and wave energy conversion systems with varying transmission and buoy configurations, remains largely unexplored. Therefore, this preliminary study developed a simple buoy-type wave energy converter prototype and investigated the effect of different gear transmission and buoy configurations. Two gears configuration consisting of 12 and 16 teeth and two buoy geometries, namely spherical dan cylindrical were examined. An INA219-based current and voltage sensing system integrated with a microcontroller was employed to monitor the electrical power generated by the prototype. Each configuration was examined for 30&#xa0;minutes under actual sea condition off the coast of Bengkulu City. The results indicate that the 12-tooth (12&#xa0;T) gear configuration produced a higher average power output of 29.30&#xa0;mW compared with 28.25&#xa0;mW for the 16-tooth (16&#xa0;T) configuration. The performance of the 12-tooth gear is attributed to lower mechanical losses, reduced transmission resistance, and lower rotational inertia, which enabled more effective transfer of wave-induced mechanical energy to the generator. For buoy geometry, cylindrical buoys exhibited significantly better performance than the spherical buoy, producing an average power output of 37.61&#xa0;mW compared with 29.30&#xa0;mW. This improvement is attributed to the larger projected area and stronger hydrodynamic interaction of the cylindrical buoy with incoming waves, resulting in greater vertical displacement and enhanced energy transfer to the transmission system. The maximum system efficiencies obtained for the cylindrical and spherical buoys were 0.57% and 0.54%, respectively. Furthermore, the 12&#xa0;T gear configuration generated approximately 3.7% higher average power than the 16&#xa0;T configuration, while the cylindrical buoy increased power output by approximately 28.4% relative to the spherical buoy. Under the measured wave conditions (Hs = 0.30&#xa0;m), the system efficiency ranged from 0.40 to 0.57%. These findings demonstrate that both transmission ratio and buoy geometry play critical roles in determining the power output, stability, and efficiency of buoyancy-based wave energy conversion systems operating under low-wave conditions.</p>

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Design, development and experimental analysis of a simplified buoy-type ocean wave energy conversion system

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月20日

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  • Yosia Pandu Sihombing,
  • Riska Ekawita,
  • Elfi Yuliza

摘要

Bengkulu Province is located along the Indian Ocean coastline, providing abundant potential for ocean wave energy. However, the utilization of this resource, particularly for low-wave condition and wave energy conversion systems with varying transmission and buoy configurations, remains largely unexplored. Therefore, this preliminary study developed a simple buoy-type wave energy converter prototype and investigated the effect of different gear transmission and buoy configurations. Two gears configuration consisting of 12 and 16 teeth and two buoy geometries, namely spherical dan cylindrical were examined. An INA219-based current and voltage sensing system integrated with a microcontroller was employed to monitor the electrical power generated by the prototype. Each configuration was examined for 30 minutes under actual sea condition off the coast of Bengkulu City. The results indicate that the 12-tooth (12 T) gear configuration produced a higher average power output of 29.30 mW compared with 28.25 mW for the 16-tooth (16 T) configuration. The performance of the 12-tooth gear is attributed to lower mechanical losses, reduced transmission resistance, and lower rotational inertia, which enabled more effective transfer of wave-induced mechanical energy to the generator. For buoy geometry, cylindrical buoys exhibited significantly better performance than the spherical buoy, producing an average power output of 37.61 mW compared with 29.30 mW. This improvement is attributed to the larger projected area and stronger hydrodynamic interaction of the cylindrical buoy with incoming waves, resulting in greater vertical displacement and enhanced energy transfer to the transmission system. The maximum system efficiencies obtained for the cylindrical and spherical buoys were 0.57% and 0.54%, respectively. Furthermore, the 12 T gear configuration generated approximately 3.7% higher average power than the 16 T configuration, while the cylindrical buoy increased power output by approximately 28.4% relative to the spherical buoy. Under the measured wave conditions (Hs = 0.30 m), the system efficiency ranged from 0.40 to 0.57%. These findings demonstrate that both transmission ratio and buoy geometry play critical roles in determining the power output, stability, and efficiency of buoyancy-based wave energy conversion systems operating under low-wave conditions.