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<p>With the increasing penetration of renewable energy and power-electronic interfaces, modern distribution grids are facing reduced inertia, weaker damping, and greater vulnerability to voltage sags. Grid-forming (GFM) inverters can emulate voltage-source behavior and therefore provide fast voltage and frequency support; however, during deep voltage sags they must simultaneously maintain voltage stiffness and protect semiconductor devices from overcurrent. This review aims to clarify this fundamental conflict and to synthesize recent solutions for voltage-sag ride-through in smart distribution grids. The paper first discusses voltage-sag classification, immunity curves of sensitive loads, and high-speed detection methods, including fast delayed signal cancellation and wavelet-based approaches. It then reviews representative GFM control structures, current-limiting mechanisms, impedance reshaping, and adaptive virtual impedance strategies. Furthermore, nonlinear transient-stability tools, such as phase-plane analysis, basin of attraction, critical clearing time, power-reference resetting, and manifold-based boundary analysis, are summarized to explain how current limiting affects synchronization stability. Finally, the review connects device-level control with system-level resilience, power quality, weak-grid voltage support, Fault-Induced Delayed Voltage Recovery mitigation, and reliability indices such as SAIDI and SAIFI. The main contribution is a unified framework linking detection, control, transient stability, and resilience assessment, which provides guidance for the deployment of GFM inverters in sustainable smart distribution grids.</p>

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Enhancing Resilience and Sustainability of Smart Distribution Grids: Grid-Forming Inverter Control under Voltage Sags

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月16日

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  • Guanghua Wu,
  • Hao Shen,
  • Peng Tao,
  • Weihua Zuo,
  • Haoran Xu,
  • Yongkun Hu,
  • Hongxin Zhang,
  • Xing Chen,
  • Changwei Shi,
  • Wei Guo,
  • Kai Nan,
  • Bo Ling,
  • Qingguang Yu

摘要

With the increasing penetration of renewable energy and power-electronic interfaces, modern distribution grids are facing reduced inertia, weaker damping, and greater vulnerability to voltage sags. Grid-forming (GFM) inverters can emulate voltage-source behavior and therefore provide fast voltage and frequency support; however, during deep voltage sags they must simultaneously maintain voltage stiffness and protect semiconductor devices from overcurrent. This review aims to clarify this fundamental conflict and to synthesize recent solutions for voltage-sag ride-through in smart distribution grids. The paper first discusses voltage-sag classification, immunity curves of sensitive loads, and high-speed detection methods, including fast delayed signal cancellation and wavelet-based approaches. It then reviews representative GFM control structures, current-limiting mechanisms, impedance reshaping, and adaptive virtual impedance strategies. Furthermore, nonlinear transient-stability tools, such as phase-plane analysis, basin of attraction, critical clearing time, power-reference resetting, and manifold-based boundary analysis, are summarized to explain how current limiting affects synchronization stability. Finally, the review connects device-level control with system-level resilience, power quality, weak-grid voltage support, Fault-Induced Delayed Voltage Recovery mitigation, and reliability indices such as SAIDI and SAIFI. The main contribution is a unified framework linking detection, control, transient stability, and resilience assessment, which provides guidance for the deployment of GFM inverters in sustainable smart distribution grids.