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<p>Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications enable vehicles to exchange real-time information with other vehicles, infrastructure, pedestrians, and networks, playing a critical role in enhancing traffic safety, efficiency, and cooperative perception. As V2X deployments grow in density and complexity, congestion in shared wireless channels becomes a significant challenge, threatening the timely delivery of safety-critical messages. Although extensive research has explored congestion control mechanisms for V2X networks, existing surveys are fragmented, relying on inconsistent traffic models, evaluation metrics, and deployment assumptions, thereby impeding meaningful comparisons and comprehensive design insights. This review addresses this gap by providing a unified, systematic analysis of state-of-the-art congestion control mechanisms in V2X communications. The primary contributions of this paper are a comprehensive review and classification of congestion control strategies based on protocol layers, congestion detection and avoidance methods, decision-making architectures, and adaptability factors. It further presents a comparative analysis of existing mechanisms against key performance metrics and introduces a unified benchmarking framework alongside concrete design guidelines for future V2X congestion control development. A rigorous systematic literature review was conducted by applying clear inclusion and exclusion criteria to 35 peer-reviewed studies published from 2016 to 2025. The findings reveal that hybrid, cross-layer, and AI-driven congestion control mechanisms consistently outperform traditional rule-based methods in achieving scalability, fairness, and low latency, underscoring their suitability for next-generation V2X systems.</p>

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Congestion Control Mechanisms in V2X Communications: From Classification to Benchmarking and Design Guidelines

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月6日

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  • Melchizedek Alipio,
  • Miroslav Bures,
  • Tutomu Murase

摘要

Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications enable vehicles to exchange real-time information with other vehicles, infrastructure, pedestrians, and networks, playing a critical role in enhancing traffic safety, efficiency, and cooperative perception. As V2X deployments grow in density and complexity, congestion in shared wireless channels becomes a significant challenge, threatening the timely delivery of safety-critical messages. Although extensive research has explored congestion control mechanisms for V2X networks, existing surveys are fragmented, relying on inconsistent traffic models, evaluation metrics, and deployment assumptions, thereby impeding meaningful comparisons and comprehensive design insights. This review addresses this gap by providing a unified, systematic analysis of state-of-the-art congestion control mechanisms in V2X communications. The primary contributions of this paper are a comprehensive review and classification of congestion control strategies based on protocol layers, congestion detection and avoidance methods, decision-making architectures, and adaptability factors. It further presents a comparative analysis of existing mechanisms against key performance metrics and introduces a unified benchmarking framework alongside concrete design guidelines for future V2X congestion control development. A rigorous systematic literature review was conducted by applying clear inclusion and exclusion criteria to 35 peer-reviewed studies published from 2016 to 2025. The findings reveal that hybrid, cross-layer, and AI-driven congestion control mechanisms consistently outperform traditional rule-based methods in achieving scalability, fairness, and low latency, underscoring their suitability for next-generation V2X systems.