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<p>This paper examines the spatial characteristics of university–industry collaboration through patent co-application data, comparing geographical patterns in Japan and the U.S. In Japan, collaborations are highly concentrated in the Kanto region, with major companies in Tokyo partnering with universities nationwide. While many local linkages exist within metropolitan areas, regional collaborations are limited in peripheral regions, and regional universities in these regions often connect with firms in Kanto. In contrast, the U.S. shows a more dispersed network, with multiple hubs such as California and Massachusetts. U.S. universities also play a significant role in global innovation through active international partnerships. These contrasting patterns reflect each country’s governance and urban systems. Japan’s centralized structure concentrates corporate headquarters and research and development (R&amp;D) in the capital, leading to a capital-centric collaboration model. Meanwhile, the U.S.’s federal system supports a more decentralized and regionally balanced innovation network. University spin-offs in the U.S. contribute to localized R&amp;D and intellectual property creation—an element less common in Japan. Although university–industry collaboration in Japan is expected to reduce regional disparities in innovation, current patterns suggest otherwise. To address this, enhancing the R&amp;D capacity of regional firms—such as by fostering university spin-offs—is necessary to build a more balanced innovation ecosystem.</p>

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Comparative study on the spatial characteristics of university–industry collaboration between Japan and the U.S.: empirical analysis using patent data

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月1日

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  • Shinji Koyanagi,
  • Yutaka Yokura

摘要

This paper examines the spatial characteristics of university–industry collaboration through patent co-application data, comparing geographical patterns in Japan and the U.S. In Japan, collaborations are highly concentrated in the Kanto region, with major companies in Tokyo partnering with universities nationwide. While many local linkages exist within metropolitan areas, regional collaborations are limited in peripheral regions, and regional universities in these regions often connect with firms in Kanto. In contrast, the U.S. shows a more dispersed network, with multiple hubs such as California and Massachusetts. U.S. universities also play a significant role in global innovation through active international partnerships. These contrasting patterns reflect each country’s governance and urban systems. Japan’s centralized structure concentrates corporate headquarters and research and development (R&D) in the capital, leading to a capital-centric collaboration model. Meanwhile, the U.S.’s federal system supports a more decentralized and regionally balanced innovation network. University spin-offs in the U.S. contribute to localized R&D and intellectual property creation—an element less common in Japan. Although university–industry collaboration in Japan is expected to reduce regional disparities in innovation, current patterns suggest otherwise. To address this, enhancing the R&D capacity of regional firms—such as by fostering university spin-offs—is necessary to build a more balanced innovation ecosystem.