<p>In the era of artificial intelligence, the efficient perception and processing of massive volumes of visual information place high demands on machine vision systems. Inspired by the remarkable adaptive capabilities of human vision in dynamic environments, various optoelectronic materials and biomimetic intelligent vision devices have emerged. However, most existing bio-inspired vision devices rely on external gate voltages or complex circuits to achieve dynamic modulation of visual sensitivity. It is attractive but challenging to realize all-optically controlled adaptive visual perception within an individual device. Based on the switching between positive and negative photoconductivity effects, this work presents a biomimetic sensor for all-optically controlled artificial visual adaptation and self-protection within a one-dimensional ZnO/MAPbBr₃ heterojunction. Through ultraviolet light modulation of oxygen vacancy states, the competition between intrinsic photoconduction and trap-mediated carrier capture is regulated, enabling dynamic control of the visible-light photoconductive behavior within an individual device. The flexibly tunable photoresponse successfully mimics the scotopic adaptation process involving photopigment regeneration under weak illumination, the photopic adaptation process involving photopigment bleaching in bright environments, and an eyelid-like self-protection behavior in response to intense light exposure. This work demonstrates the integration of multi-level adaptive and protective visual functions within an individual device, offering a promising strategy for the development of next-generation intelligent biomimetic sensors for machine vision system.</p>