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<p>Microneedle (MN)-based transdermal delivery systems enhance skin permeability by creating microscale conduits through the stratum corneum, enabling controlled and sustained release of therapeutics. Nevertheless, conventional MN designs predominantly rely on passive diffusion, resulting in shallow drug penetration depth and limited spatial distribution range, which significantly restricts their therapeutic efficacy in complex biological environments. Emerging advancements have integrated gas therapy into MN platforms to overcome these limitations. The released therapeutic gases facilitate deeper drug penetration via propulsion and also exhibit inherent bioactivity, contributing to synergistic treatment outcomes. This review summarizes the mechanisms, design strategies, and applications of gas-releasing MN systems, while highlighting key scientific and translational challenges, including the precise regulation of gas release, the development of multi-gas synergistic systems, the extension to deep-tissue therapy, and the assurance of biosafety. Future directions emphasize the construction of intelligent, stimuli-responsive MNs, the integration of interdisciplinary technologies to enhance delivery depth, and the establishment of standardized, scalable manufacturing frameworks. Collectively, this work aims to advance gas-releasing MN technology toward precise, efficient, and controllable therapeutic applications, bridging the gap between laboratory research and clinical translation.</p>

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Microneedles with therapeutic gas: integrating drug propulsion and intrinsic bioactivity

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月21日

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  • Chunqing Lv,
  • Ergui Luo,
  • Wenjuan Wang,
  • Zhi Du,
  • Di Huang

摘要

Microneedle (MN)-based transdermal delivery systems enhance skin permeability by creating microscale conduits through the stratum corneum, enabling controlled and sustained release of therapeutics. Nevertheless, conventional MN designs predominantly rely on passive diffusion, resulting in shallow drug penetration depth and limited spatial distribution range, which significantly restricts their therapeutic efficacy in complex biological environments. Emerging advancements have integrated gas therapy into MN platforms to overcome these limitations. The released therapeutic gases facilitate deeper drug penetration via propulsion and also exhibit inherent bioactivity, contributing to synergistic treatment outcomes. This review summarizes the mechanisms, design strategies, and applications of gas-releasing MN systems, while highlighting key scientific and translational challenges, including the precise regulation of gas release, the development of multi-gas synergistic systems, the extension to deep-tissue therapy, and the assurance of biosafety. Future directions emphasize the construction of intelligent, stimuli-responsive MNs, the integration of interdisciplinary technologies to enhance delivery depth, and the establishment of standardized, scalable manufacturing frameworks. Collectively, this work aims to advance gas-releasing MN technology toward precise, efficient, and controllable therapeutic applications, bridging the gap between laboratory research and clinical translation.