Superhydrophobic membranes with enhanced pore surface hydrophobicity for stable membrane distillation of hypersaline wastewater
摘要
Porous membranes with superhydrophobic surfaces have been developed to prevent pore wetting during membrane distillation (MD) for the desalination of hypersaline wastewater. However, these superhydrophobic MD membranes often suffer from scaling and pore wetting during prolonged operation due to the depletion of surface-trapped air cushions. This degradation is attributed to the enhancement of surface hydrophobicity rather than bulk hydrophobicity throughout the membrane. In this work, we simultaneously enhance the hydrophobicity of both the membrane surfaces and pore surfaces of porous membranes by constructing nanostructures using hydrophobic nanoparticles. The resulting membranes exhibit a 31.3% increase in the specific liquid entry pressure of water (reaching 0.109 bar µm−1) compared to membranes with only surface superhydrophobicity, indicating improved resistance to pore wetting. As a result, these membranes exhibit stable permeate flux (16.2 kg m−2 h−1) and high salt rejection (>99.9%) when treating 70 °C brines (105 g L−1) in MD. The high pore wetting resistance against gypsum-containing saline is further demonstrated through cyclic MD desalination over 30 h, indicating strong potential on the development of high-performance MD membranes for hypersaline wastewater treatment.