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<p>Nitrate is a key precursor for the production of fertilizers, explosives, and various industrial chemicals. Traditionally, nitrate is produced through the Haber-Bosch process for ammonia synthesis, followed by its oxidation via the Ostwald process. These conventional methods are highly energy-intensive, relying on significant fossil fuel consumption and generating considerable greenhouse gas emissions, which present serious challenges to energy sustainability and environmental protection. The direct conversion of dinitrogen (N<sub>2</sub>), oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>), and water (H<sub>2</sub>O) into nitric acid (HNO<sub>3</sub>) in a single step offers a more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly alternative. Recent breakthroughs in photocatalytic nitrogen oxidation have demonstrated the feasibility of activating atmospheric nitrogen under mild conditions to produce nitric acid. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advances in this emerging field, focusing on photocatalyst design, mechanistic insights into nitrogen activation, performance metrics, and the key challenges that must be overcome for practical implementation.</p>

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Photocatalytic nitrogen fixation via the oxidation pathway

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月3日

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  • Zhiwei Liang,
  • Ping Wang,
  • Xue Li,
  • Yaming Hu,
  • Shiyou Song,
  • Linlin Zhang,
  • Xin Ding

摘要

Nitrate is a key precursor for the production of fertilizers, explosives, and various industrial chemicals. Traditionally, nitrate is produced through the Haber-Bosch process for ammonia synthesis, followed by its oxidation via the Ostwald process. These conventional methods are highly energy-intensive, relying on significant fossil fuel consumption and generating considerable greenhouse gas emissions, which present serious challenges to energy sustainability and environmental protection. The direct conversion of dinitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), and water (H2O) into nitric acid (HNO3) in a single step offers a more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly alternative. Recent breakthroughs in photocatalytic nitrogen oxidation have demonstrated the feasibility of activating atmospheric nitrogen under mild conditions to produce nitric acid. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advances in this emerging field, focusing on photocatalyst design, mechanistic insights into nitrogen activation, performance metrics, and the key challenges that must be overcome for practical implementation.