<p>In this paper, we show that for each cubic algebraic number <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\alpha \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>α</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> there is a nonzero <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\gamma \in {{\mathbb {Q}}}(\alpha )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>γ</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> such that for all <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(u, v \in {{\mathbb {Q}}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>u</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>v</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> the product <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((u+v\alpha )\gamma \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>v</mi> <mi>α</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mi>γ</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is not a square in the field <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({{\mathbb {Q}}}(\alpha )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> except for the trivial case <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(u=v=0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>u</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>v</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. This completes some earlier investigations in which such a result has been proved for most, but not all, cubic numbers <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\alpha \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>α</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. The method is constructive and allows us to find such a number <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\gamma \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>γ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> explicitly. Our result implies that each cubic field <i>K</i> contains linear hyperplanes <i>H</i> that do not contain elements of the form <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\omega ^2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mi>ω</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, where <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\omega \in K \setminus \{0\}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>ω</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>K</mi> <mo lspace="0.15em" rspace="0.15em" stretchy="false">\</mo> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. We show that the same is true for all totally real fields <i>K</i> as well. However, for each <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(d \ge 5\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> there are fields <i>K</i> of degree <i>d</i> such that each linear hyperplane <i>H</i> in <i>K</i> has an infinite intersection with <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(K^2=\{ \omega ^2 \&gt;|\&gt; \omega \in K\}.\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msup> <mi>K</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <msup> <mi>ω</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mspace width="0.222222em" /> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mspace width="0.222222em" /> <mi>ω</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>K</mi> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation></p>

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Hyperplanes Without Squares in Cubic Fields

  • Artūras Dubickas,
  • Albertas Zinevičius

摘要

In this paper, we show that for each cubic algebraic number \(\alpha \) α there is a nonzero \(\gamma \in {{\mathbb {Q}}}(\alpha )\) γ Q ( α ) such that for all \(u, v \in {{\mathbb {Q}}}\) u , v Q the product \((u+v\alpha )\gamma \) ( u + v α ) γ is not a square in the field \({{\mathbb {Q}}}(\alpha )\) Q ( α ) except for the trivial case \(u=v=0\) u = v = 0 . This completes some earlier investigations in which such a result has been proved for most, but not all, cubic numbers \(\alpha \) α . The method is constructive and allows us to find such a number \(\gamma \) γ explicitly. Our result implies that each cubic field K contains linear hyperplanes H that do not contain elements of the form \(\omega ^2\) ω 2 , where \(\omega \in K \setminus \{0\}\) ω K \ { 0 } . We show that the same is true for all totally real fields K as well. However, for each \(d \ge 5\) d 5 there are fields K of degree d such that each linear hyperplane H in K has an infinite intersection with \(K^2=\{ \omega ^2 \>|\> \omega \in K\}.\) K 2 = { ω 2 | ω K } .