<p>Despite their simple definition as <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40840_2025_1915_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="28" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="162" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\mathfrak {q}}_p(b):=\frac{b^{p-1}-1}{p} \left( \mathrm { mod\;}p\right) \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi mathvariant="fraktur">q</mi> <mi>p</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>:</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mfrac> <mrow> <msup> <mi>b</mi> <mrow> <mi>p</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mi>p</mi> </mfrac> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">mod</mi> <mspace width="0.277778em" /> </mrow> <mi>p</mi> </mfenced> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, for <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40840_2025_1915_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="106" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(0\le b \le p^2-1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <msup> <mi>p</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40840_2025_1915_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="91" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\gcd (b,p)=1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo movablelimits="true">gcd</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and their regular arrangement in a <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40840_2025_1915_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="82" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(p\times (p-1)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>p</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> Fermat quotient matrix <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40840_2025_1915_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="48" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\texttt{FQM}}(p)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="monospace">FQM</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of integers from <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40840_2025_1915_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="63" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\([0,p-1]\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, Fermat quotients modulo <i>p</i> are well known for their overall lack of regularity. Here, we discuss this contrasting effect by proving that, on the one hand, any line of the matrix behaves like an analogue of a randomly distributed sequence of numbers, and on the other hand, the spatial statistics of distances on regular <i>N</i>-patterns confirm the natural expectations.</p>

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Pattern Formation Statistics on Fermat Quotients

  • Cristian Cobeli,
  • Alexandru Zaharescu,
  • Zhuo Zhang

摘要

Despite their simple definition as \({\mathfrak {q}}_p(b):=\frac{b^{p-1}-1}{p} \left( \mathrm { mod\;}p\right) \) q p ( b ) : = b p - 1 - 1 p mod p , for \(0\le b \le p^2-1\) 0 b p 2 - 1 and \(\gcd (b,p)=1\) gcd ( b , p ) = 1 , and their regular arrangement in a \(p\times (p-1)\) p × ( p - 1 ) Fermat quotient matrix \({\texttt{FQM}}(p)\) FQM ( p ) of integers from \([0,p-1]\) [ 0 , p - 1 ] , Fermat quotients modulo p are well known for their overall lack of regularity. Here, we discuss this contrasting effect by proving that, on the one hand, any line of the matrix behaves like an analogue of a randomly distributed sequence of numbers, and on the other hand, the spatial statistics of distances on regular N-patterns confirm the natural expectations.