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<p>The high selectivity and strong stability of chelating extraction make it indispensable for copper (Cu(II)) separation and purification. In comparison with other cationic extraction systems, this system extracts Cu(II) at a significantly slower rate. To enhance the extraction rate and elucidate the diffusion and adsorption behavior of extractant molecules at the phase interface, this study conducted kinetic investigations on Cu(II) extraction using LIX 984. A constant interfacial area cell enabled analysis of stirring speed, interfacial area, temperature, and solution composition. Results demonstrated a direct proportionality between extraction rate and interfacial area, confirming an interfacial reaction mechanism. Higher temperatures accelerated the process, with activation energy below 20&#xa0;kJ/mol and negative Gibbs free energy, indicating diffusion-controlled kinetics and spontaneous extraction at room temperature. Additionally, McCabe–Thiele analysis predicted that five theoretical counter-current stages could achieve 98.9% Cu(II) extraction at the initial pH 1.55, 30%(v/v) LIX 984 concentration, 10&#xa0;min contact time, and an O/A phase ratio of 3.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Extraction Kinetic Analysis and Process Optimization of Cu(II) from Sulfate Solution Using the Lewis Cell Approach

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月11日

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  • Zihui Jiang,
  • Zhiyuan Chen,
  • Qiu Hu,
  • Jiangtao Li,
  • Zhongwei Zhao,
  • Ailiang Chen,
  • Xuheng Liu,
  • Xingyu Chen,
  • Lihua He,
  • Fenglong Sun,
  • Wenjuan Zhang

摘要

The high selectivity and strong stability of chelating extraction make it indispensable for copper (Cu(II)) separation and purification. In comparison with other cationic extraction systems, this system extracts Cu(II) at a significantly slower rate. To enhance the extraction rate and elucidate the diffusion and adsorption behavior of extractant molecules at the phase interface, this study conducted kinetic investigations on Cu(II) extraction using LIX 984. A constant interfacial area cell enabled analysis of stirring speed, interfacial area, temperature, and solution composition. Results demonstrated a direct proportionality between extraction rate and interfacial area, confirming an interfacial reaction mechanism. Higher temperatures accelerated the process, with activation energy below 20 kJ/mol and negative Gibbs free energy, indicating diffusion-controlled kinetics and spontaneous extraction at room temperature. Additionally, McCabe–Thiele analysis predicted that five theoretical counter-current stages could achieve 98.9% Cu(II) extraction at the initial pH 1.55, 30%(v/v) LIX 984 concentration, 10 min contact time, and an O/A phase ratio of 3.

Graphical Abstract