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<p>Hydrogen metallurgy is a promising low-carbon ironmaking technology, yet challenges like particle sticking and sulfur dioxide emissions hinder its application when pyrite is used as the raw material in a fluidized bed. This study proposes a novel approach for pyrite hydrogen reduction in a fluidized bed equipped with an inclined agitator and alkaline oxide (CaO) additives. Single-factor experiments were conducted to optimize key parameters: reduction time, temperature, and agitation speed. Results showed that the inclined agitator significantly reduced the sticking ratio from 54.5% (without agitation) to 13.2% through enhanced particle fluidization. Under optimal conditions (1173&#xa0;K, 30&#xa0;min, 160 r·min<sup>−1</sup>), a maximum reduction rate of 90.6% was achieved, with sulfur fixed as CaS in the solid phase, thus eliminating H<sub>2</sub>S emissions. SEM and XRD analyses revealed that the agitator inhibited iron particle agglomeration and fostered the formation of porous structures. This method enables efficient iron recovery from pyrite while offering an eco-friendly sulfur management solution, addressing both resource scarcity and environmental pollution.</p> Graphic Abstract <p></p>

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Enhancing Hydrogen Reduction of Pyrite in a Fluidized Bed with Inclined Agitator: A Sustainable Approach for Iron Recovery and Sulfur Fixation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月4日

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  • Kun Wang,
  • Ting’an Zhang,
  • Chuanfu Li,
  • Yan Liu,
  • Zhihe Dou

摘要

Hydrogen metallurgy is a promising low-carbon ironmaking technology, yet challenges like particle sticking and sulfur dioxide emissions hinder its application when pyrite is used as the raw material in a fluidized bed. This study proposes a novel approach for pyrite hydrogen reduction in a fluidized bed equipped with an inclined agitator and alkaline oxide (CaO) additives. Single-factor experiments were conducted to optimize key parameters: reduction time, temperature, and agitation speed. Results showed that the inclined agitator significantly reduced the sticking ratio from 54.5% (without agitation) to 13.2% through enhanced particle fluidization. Under optimal conditions (1173 K, 30 min, 160 r·min−1), a maximum reduction rate of 90.6% was achieved, with sulfur fixed as CaS in the solid phase, thus eliminating H2S emissions. SEM and XRD analyses revealed that the agitator inhibited iron particle agglomeration and fostered the formation of porous structures. This method enables efficient iron recovery from pyrite while offering an eco-friendly sulfur management solution, addressing both resource scarcity and environmental pollution.

Graphic Abstract