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<p>The world is facing a global problem in the form of electric and electronic waste (EEW) which is being generated at the rate of 44.7 million tons per year (Mt/y). Waste printed circuit boards of computer (WPCBs) constitute major portion of this electronic waste (e-waste). Recycling of these WPCBs is crucial to prevent the loss of precious metals and to save environment. Hydrometallurgy is widely used for recycling WPCBs owing to its lower capital cost. In hydrometallurgy processes, mineral acids are commonly employed for leaching of metals because of their high recovery rates. However, these are toxic, corrosive, and lack selectivity. This study has explored the use of novel green deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as an alternative to mineral acids for extraction of metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Fe, Al) from WPCBs. For this purpose, four novel DESs were synthesized. One of the DESs was prepared by combining sorbic acid and tetra butyl ammonium chloride in a weight-to-weight (w/w) ratio of (1:1). The other three DESs were synthesized by reacting Pyruvic, Toluene sulfonic, and citric acid with choline chloride in a 1:1 w/w ratio. The WPCBs crushed and ground to less than 1milimeter (&gt; 1&#xa0;mm) powder were added to the DESs at a 1:5 (solid/liquid ratio) for leaching, a ratio selected to ensure efficient mass transfer and sufficient lixiviant availability for initial screening experiments. The temperature and time duration ranges for all leaching experiments were from 60&#xa0;°C to 95&#xa0;°C and 2 to 4&#xa0;h, respectively. After leaching, the leaching solution was centrifuged for 10&#xa0;min at 4000 Revolutions per minute (RPM) before filtration. The filtrates were analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). It was noted that DES of Tetra butyl ammonium chloride and sorbic acid recovered maximum amount of Cu (99%) and Zn (9%) in solid residue of WPCBs leaching solution. Meanwhile, nearly 80% of lead (Pb) and nickel (Ni) were recovered using a DES composed of toluene sulfonic acid and choline chloride, while over 90% of iron (Fe) was recovered with a DES made of citric acid and choline chloride. Additionally, a DES consisting of pyruvic acid and choline chloride recovered 80% of aluminum (Al) from the leaching solution. It is recommended to optimize the leaching parameters of DESs to further improve their leaching efficiency.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Extraction of Metals from Waste Printed Circuit Boards of Computers Through Leaching Using Novel Deep Eutectic Solvents of Organic Acids

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月3日

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  • Ashraf Alsafasfeh,
  • Adnan Ali,
  • Shahid Raza,
  • Malaika Waseem,
  • Muhammad Badar Hayat,
  • Zulfiqar Ali,
  • Arslan Ahmad

摘要

The world is facing a global problem in the form of electric and electronic waste (EEW) which is being generated at the rate of 44.7 million tons per year (Mt/y). Waste printed circuit boards of computer (WPCBs) constitute major portion of this electronic waste (e-waste). Recycling of these WPCBs is crucial to prevent the loss of precious metals and to save environment. Hydrometallurgy is widely used for recycling WPCBs owing to its lower capital cost. In hydrometallurgy processes, mineral acids are commonly employed for leaching of metals because of their high recovery rates. However, these are toxic, corrosive, and lack selectivity. This study has explored the use of novel green deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as an alternative to mineral acids for extraction of metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Fe, Al) from WPCBs. For this purpose, four novel DESs were synthesized. One of the DESs was prepared by combining sorbic acid and tetra butyl ammonium chloride in a weight-to-weight (w/w) ratio of (1:1). The other three DESs were synthesized by reacting Pyruvic, Toluene sulfonic, and citric acid with choline chloride in a 1:1 w/w ratio. The WPCBs crushed and ground to less than 1milimeter (> 1 mm) powder were added to the DESs at a 1:5 (solid/liquid ratio) for leaching, a ratio selected to ensure efficient mass transfer and sufficient lixiviant availability for initial screening experiments. The temperature and time duration ranges for all leaching experiments were from 60 °C to 95 °C and 2 to 4 h, respectively. After leaching, the leaching solution was centrifuged for 10 min at 4000 Revolutions per minute (RPM) before filtration. The filtrates were analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). It was noted that DES of Tetra butyl ammonium chloride and sorbic acid recovered maximum amount of Cu (99%) and Zn (9%) in solid residue of WPCBs leaching solution. Meanwhile, nearly 80% of lead (Pb) and nickel (Ni) were recovered using a DES composed of toluene sulfonic acid and choline chloride, while over 90% of iron (Fe) was recovered with a DES made of citric acid and choline chloride. Additionally, a DES consisting of pyruvic acid and choline chloride recovered 80% of aluminum (Al) from the leaching solution. It is recommended to optimize the leaching parameters of DESs to further improve their leaching efficiency.

Graphical Abstract