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<p>Copper slag (CS) containing high levels of lead (Pb) poses serious environmental risks. To mitigate the leaching potential associated with Pb-rich CS while promoting sustainable concrete production through the partial or complete replacement of ordinary Portland cement (OPC), this study investigates the strength characteristics and leaching control of Pb-rich CS incorporated in solid waste-based wet shotcrete (SWB-WS) that is devoid of OPC. Methods adopted include mix ratio tests, strength tests, microscopic analyses and heavy metal leaching tests. SWB-WS samples were prepared with 60% to 80% CS as fine aggregate and compared with the cement-based wet shotcrete (CB-WS) control group, which contained 80% CS as fine aggregate. At the same curing age of 28&#xa0;days, the optimum SWB-WS sample 9, containing 5% refining slag, exhibited a strength of 25&#xa0;MPa, a 2.8% UCS value higher than that of CB-WS (S2), in addition to its impressive workability. XRD and FTIR analyses revealed that ettringite and boehmite-phase aluminum oxide hydration products dominated the cured SWB-WS samples as their strengths evolved from 3 to 56&#xa0;days, supporting their comparatively high UCS values. SEM–EDS analysis revealed the wrapping of heavy metal ions by hydration gels conforming to the solidification/stabilization mechanism in the SWB-WS system to control the leaching of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) to levels acceptable for underground class II and class III water quality standards, for which the CB-WS samples failed at a high CS utilization rate.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Study of the Strength Evolution and Heavy Metal Stabilization Mechanism of Pb-Rich Copper Slag Shotcrete Utilizing Cementitious Slags

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月10日

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  • Alhaji Safiwu,
  • Baobin Gao,
  • Stephen Akosah,
  • Wenjie Zhu,
  • Kaihang Liu

摘要

Copper slag (CS) containing high levels of lead (Pb) poses serious environmental risks. To mitigate the leaching potential associated with Pb-rich CS while promoting sustainable concrete production through the partial or complete replacement of ordinary Portland cement (OPC), this study investigates the strength characteristics and leaching control of Pb-rich CS incorporated in solid waste-based wet shotcrete (SWB-WS) that is devoid of OPC. Methods adopted include mix ratio tests, strength tests, microscopic analyses and heavy metal leaching tests. SWB-WS samples were prepared with 60% to 80% CS as fine aggregate and compared with the cement-based wet shotcrete (CB-WS) control group, which contained 80% CS as fine aggregate. At the same curing age of 28 days, the optimum SWB-WS sample 9, containing 5% refining slag, exhibited a strength of 25 MPa, a 2.8% UCS value higher than that of CB-WS (S2), in addition to its impressive workability. XRD and FTIR analyses revealed that ettringite and boehmite-phase aluminum oxide hydration products dominated the cured SWB-WS samples as their strengths evolved from 3 to 56 days, supporting their comparatively high UCS values. SEM–EDS analysis revealed the wrapping of heavy metal ions by hydration gels conforming to the solidification/stabilization mechanism in the SWB-WS system to control the leaching of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) to levels acceptable for underground class II and class III water quality standards, for which the CB-WS samples failed at a high CS utilization rate.

Graphical Abstract