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<p>Suspension electrolysis is an efficient recovery strategy for poor conductive minerals, especially for the spent lead paste (slp), with the PbSO₄ as primary components, which exhibits low aqueous solubility and conductivity. The SE II system (Suspension Electrolytic System with Sulfuric Acid Electrolyte) enables direct electrochemical reduction of lead from slp, with 95.21% purity. During lead paste recovery using the SE-II system, the cell voltage exhibited a V-type profile, it dropped from 3.58&#xa0;V to 3.25&#xa0;V during electrolysis, then rose back to 3.39&#xa0;V. Meanwhile, the deposited product exhibited a loose and porous sponge-like three-dimensional skeleton structure, the pores of products shrank over time, with the average diameter from 37.605&#xa0;nm to 16.755&#xa0;nm, and the BET specific surface area increased from 1.2803 m<sup>2</sup>·g<sup>−1</sup> to 2.7386 m<sup>2</sup>·g<sup>−1</sup>. The variation of pore structure changed the conductive percolation network connectivity, which in turn affected the energy consumption of the electrolysis process. The rise in cell voltage increased the total energy consumption of electrolysis from 10.23 W.h/g to 18.94 W.h/g. This study is helpful for the development of the one-step low-energy reduction of metallic Pb in suspension electrolysis.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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V-type Voltage in SE II-Mediated Lead Paste Recycling: Impacts of Cathode Product Evolution on the Lead Reduction Process

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月23日

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  • Zikai Zhao,
  • Songyan Qin,
  • Zihan Su,
  • Ying Wang,
  • Lixin Zhao

摘要

Suspension electrolysis is an efficient recovery strategy for poor conductive minerals, especially for the spent lead paste (slp), with the PbSO₄ as primary components, which exhibits low aqueous solubility and conductivity. The SE II system (Suspension Electrolytic System with Sulfuric Acid Electrolyte) enables direct electrochemical reduction of lead from slp, with 95.21% purity. During lead paste recovery using the SE-II system, the cell voltage exhibited a V-type profile, it dropped from 3.58 V to 3.25 V during electrolysis, then rose back to 3.39 V. Meanwhile, the deposited product exhibited a loose and porous sponge-like three-dimensional skeleton structure, the pores of products shrank over time, with the average diameter from 37.605 nm to 16.755 nm, and the BET specific surface area increased from 1.2803 m2·g−1 to 2.7386 m2·g−1. The variation of pore structure changed the conductive percolation network connectivity, which in turn affected the energy consumption of the electrolysis process. The rise in cell voltage increased the total energy consumption of electrolysis from 10.23 W.h/g to 18.94 W.h/g. This study is helpful for the development of the one-step low-energy reduction of metallic Pb in suspension electrolysis.

Graphical Abstract