<p>Microorganisms are the primary drivers of elemental cycles, including those involved in biogeochemical transformations of antimony (Sb) ores within contaminated mining areas. It has been reported that microorganisms can accelerate the oxidation of Sb(III) to Sb(V) compounds in mining areas. However, limited research on microbial diversity in most mining areas hampers our understanding of their potential roles in the biogeochemical cycling of Sb. This study investigated the link between the element content and the microorganism species, as well as the dispersion of the microbial community structure in Sb-contaminated areas. The results showed that the S-oxidizing bacteria presence correlated with the Sb and S distribution, and could oxidize Fe and Mn. Combined with the analysis of environmental composition, it was found that the content of Fe/Mn oxides was proportional to As and Sb oxides. The study reveals that S-oxidizing bacteria could accelerate the oxidation of Sb and As by coupling the oxidation effect of Fe/Mn in Sb-contaminated areas, thus exacerbating the As and Sb pollution. The results from the soil, sediment, and water samples show that S/Sb/As oxidizing bacteria were proportional to the content of Sb/As oxides. These results have a reference value for revealing the new insights on geochemical characteristics of elemental distributions and diversity of microbial communities and have important theoretical guidance for developing Sb pollution control and remediation technology.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>