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<p>Today’s transition away from fossil fuel and toward the electric era has significantly increased the demand for metals such as lithium, prompting advancements in technologies for their extraction and recovery from primary or secondary resources. The application of forward osmosis (FO) using deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as the draw solution (DS) was investigated in this work as a liquid mining technique for upgrading lithium-containing wastewaters and brines. A cellulose triacetate (CTA) flat-sheet membrane was used as the semi-permeable membrane in FO. Choline chloride: 2 ethylene glycol (ChCl: 2 EG) with 30 wt % water was used as the DS. A synthesized brine as well as two wastewater streams from a lithium-ion battery (LIB) recycling process were tested as the feed solutions (FS). The enrichment factor of lithium after 24&#xa0;h for the two wastewater streams from LIB recycling and the simulated lithium brine (1000&#xa0;ppm) was 1.51, 1.65, and 1.91, respectively. The utilization of CTA membranes resulted in lithium rejection exceeding 99% for all the FSs tested. This outcome effectively facilitated the concentration of the lithium-containing FSs, thereby preventing losses in the DS. The integration of FO with eco-friendly DESs presents a viable liquid mining approach to upgrade and valorize dilute aqueous lithium resources and fulfill the growing need for lithium.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Forward Osmosis Using Deep Eutectic Solvents in Liquid Mining of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Wastewaters

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月9日

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  • Afshin Amani,
  • Georgios Kolliopoulos

摘要

Today’s transition away from fossil fuel and toward the electric era has significantly increased the demand for metals such as lithium, prompting advancements in technologies for their extraction and recovery from primary or secondary resources. The application of forward osmosis (FO) using deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as the draw solution (DS) was investigated in this work as a liquid mining technique for upgrading lithium-containing wastewaters and brines. A cellulose triacetate (CTA) flat-sheet membrane was used as the semi-permeable membrane in FO. Choline chloride: 2 ethylene glycol (ChCl: 2 EG) with 30 wt % water was used as the DS. A synthesized brine as well as two wastewater streams from a lithium-ion battery (LIB) recycling process were tested as the feed solutions (FS). The enrichment factor of lithium after 24 h for the two wastewater streams from LIB recycling and the simulated lithium brine (1000 ppm) was 1.51, 1.65, and 1.91, respectively. The utilization of CTA membranes resulted in lithium rejection exceeding 99% for all the FSs tested. This outcome effectively facilitated the concentration of the lithium-containing FSs, thereby preventing losses in the DS. The integration of FO with eco-friendly DESs presents a viable liquid mining approach to upgrade and valorize dilute aqueous lithium resources and fulfill the growing need for lithium.

Graphical Abstract