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<p>In this study, the reduction and nitridation kinetics of ilmenite by using two different types of reductants, PKS-B (non-carbonized palm kernel shell) and PKS-BA (activated of non-carbonized palm kernel shell), were investigated isothermally in the temperature range of 1000–1200&#xa0;℃ using a Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) instrument. The reaction mechanism and activation energy were determined using the iso-conversional, Malek, and Avrami (ln-ln) methods. The results indicated that the reaction begins with a reduction in the temperature range of 1000–1100&#xa0;℃ and nitridation in the range of 1100–1200&#xa0;℃, where the three methods used show linear and convergent results with one another. The reduction of ilmenite using PKS-BA begins with a first-order chemical reaction mechanism, followed by a simultaneous mechanism between contracting areas and volume at 1000–1200&#xa0;℃. Meanwhile, PKS-B shows that the reduction reaction begins with a diffusion mechanism, followed by a simultaneous mechanism between a first-order chemical reaction and contracting volume at 1200&#xa0;℃. The reduction reaction is achieved much faster with a higher reduction degree in a shorter time when using PKS-BA compared to PKS-B. This is evaluated by the average activation energy obtained using the ln-ln method for PKS-B and PKS-BA, which is 103 kJ/mol and 48.7 kJ/mol, respectively. Afterward, the nitridation reaction is controlled by the contracting volume reaction mechanism. The lower activation energy during nitriding using PKS-B of 4.97 kJ/mol resulted in nitriding present at a relatively lower temperature even at 1100&#xa0;℃ with a higher nitridation degree compared to using PKS-BA started at 1200&#xa0;℃ with an activation energy of 101.52 kJ/mol.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Isothermal Reduction and Nitridation Kinetics of Ilmenite Using Non-carbonized Palm Kernel Shell Biomass

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月1日

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  • Boy Attaurrazaq,
  • Sri Harjanto,
  • Reza M. Ulum,
  • Agung Setiawan

摘要

In this study, the reduction and nitridation kinetics of ilmenite by using two different types of reductants, PKS-B (non-carbonized palm kernel shell) and PKS-BA (activated of non-carbonized palm kernel shell), were investigated isothermally in the temperature range of 1000–1200 ℃ using a Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) instrument. The reaction mechanism and activation energy were determined using the iso-conversional, Malek, and Avrami (ln-ln) methods. The results indicated that the reaction begins with a reduction in the temperature range of 1000–1100 ℃ and nitridation in the range of 1100–1200 ℃, where the three methods used show linear and convergent results with one another. The reduction of ilmenite using PKS-BA begins with a first-order chemical reaction mechanism, followed by a simultaneous mechanism between contracting areas and volume at 1000–1200 ℃. Meanwhile, PKS-B shows that the reduction reaction begins with a diffusion mechanism, followed by a simultaneous mechanism between a first-order chemical reaction and contracting volume at 1200 ℃. The reduction reaction is achieved much faster with a higher reduction degree in a shorter time when using PKS-BA compared to PKS-B. This is evaluated by the average activation energy obtained using the ln-ln method for PKS-B and PKS-BA, which is 103 kJ/mol and 48.7 kJ/mol, respectively. Afterward, the nitridation reaction is controlled by the contracting volume reaction mechanism. The lower activation energy during nitriding using PKS-B of 4.97 kJ/mol resulted in nitriding present at a relatively lower temperature even at 1100 ℃ with a higher nitridation degree compared to using PKS-BA started at 1200 ℃ with an activation energy of 101.52 kJ/mol.

Graphical Abstract