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<p>Performance and emission characteristics are important considerations when using high-viscosity biofuels in oil burners. Burner performance is mainly influenced by flame temperature, while emission parameters indicate the level of pollutants in the exhaust. This study examines the feasibility of sludge palm oil (SPO) blends in a waste oil burner, focusing on flame temperature and emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO₂), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and flue gas temperature. The objective is to identify a suitable equivalence ratio and the optimum SPO blend. Experimental investigations showed that the SPO80 blend at an equivalence ratio of 1.0 provided favorable results. At 300&#xa0;mm from the flame front, the flame temperature reached 1259.5&#xa0;°C, and at 900&#xa0;mm it was 641.5&#xa0;°C. These values are increment of 9.5% and 5.6% over conventional diesel. Compared to diesel, SPO and SPO80 had lower levels of emissions except NOx. SPO80 at an equivalence ratio of 1.0 decreased CO emissions by 54.2% and decreased flue gas temperature by 30.9% relative to diesel. SPO decreased the CO<sub>2</sub> emissions by 15.6% at the same equivalence ratio. NOx emissions of SPO80 at an equivalence ratio of 0.6 reduced by 93.8% compared to diesel. The Pugh Matrix decision-making method was used to evaluate overall performance. The findings showed that the most suitable equivalence ratio was 1.0 and the SPO80 mixture, which offered the optimal balance between flame temperature and emissions, which supported the idea that SPO80 is a good alternative to the traditional diesel fuel.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Effect of Equivalence Ratio in a Waste Oil Burner on Performance and Emission Characteristics Fuelled with Sludge Palm Oil Blends

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月22日

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  • Muhammad Ahmar Zuber,
  • Wira Jazair Yahya,
  • Sonachalam Muthuswamy,
  • Ili Fatimah Abd Razak,
  • Mohamed Shukri Mohamed Ismail,
  • Hirofumi Noge

摘要

Performance and emission characteristics are important considerations when using high-viscosity biofuels in oil burners. Burner performance is mainly influenced by flame temperature, while emission parameters indicate the level of pollutants in the exhaust. This study examines the feasibility of sludge palm oil (SPO) blends in a waste oil burner, focusing on flame temperature and emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO₂), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and flue gas temperature. The objective is to identify a suitable equivalence ratio and the optimum SPO blend. Experimental investigations showed that the SPO80 blend at an equivalence ratio of 1.0 provided favorable results. At 300 mm from the flame front, the flame temperature reached 1259.5 °C, and at 900 mm it was 641.5 °C. These values are increment of 9.5% and 5.6% over conventional diesel. Compared to diesel, SPO and SPO80 had lower levels of emissions except NOx. SPO80 at an equivalence ratio of 1.0 decreased CO emissions by 54.2% and decreased flue gas temperature by 30.9% relative to diesel. SPO decreased the CO2 emissions by 15.6% at the same equivalence ratio. NOx emissions of SPO80 at an equivalence ratio of 0.6 reduced by 93.8% compared to diesel. The Pugh Matrix decision-making method was used to evaluate overall performance. The findings showed that the most suitable equivalence ratio was 1.0 and the SPO80 mixture, which offered the optimal balance between flame temperature and emissions, which supported the idea that SPO80 is a good alternative to the traditional diesel fuel.

Graphical Abstract