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<p>This study presents a numerical assessment of the thermodynamic and environmental performance of a hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine using a validated zero-dimensional, single-zone model developed in OpenModelica. The engine analyzed is a single-cylinder, four-stroke, spark-ignition unit with direct hydrogen injection, based on a research platform developed at Sandia National Laboratories. The model incorporates essential submodels for engine kinematics, mass and energy balances, gas exchange, combustion heat release, heat transfer, and simplified chemical kinetics. Combustion is represented by the Wiebe function, with its parameters calibrated through comparison with experimentally measured in-cylinder pressure profiles. Initial simulations predict NOₓ emissions of 1.33&#xa0;g/kWh—exceeding EURO VI regulatory limits. To address this, the study investigates direct water injection (DWI) as an emissions reduction strategy. Results demonstrate that a 10% water-to-air mass ratio (W/A) substantially reduces NOₓ emissions to compliant levels while preserving engine performance; including torque, power output, and thermal efficiency. The findings highlight the potential of DWI as a practical and efficient solution for achieving low-emission hydrogen combustion without compromising engine efficiency, offering a promising pathway toward sustainable and clean transportation technologies.</p>

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NOx Mitigation via Direct Water Injection in Hydrogen Spark-Ignition Engines

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月30日

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  • Hassina Ghodbane,
  • Fouad Khaldi,
  • Fethi Bouras

摘要

This study presents a numerical assessment of the thermodynamic and environmental performance of a hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine using a validated zero-dimensional, single-zone model developed in OpenModelica. The engine analyzed is a single-cylinder, four-stroke, spark-ignition unit with direct hydrogen injection, based on a research platform developed at Sandia National Laboratories. The model incorporates essential submodels for engine kinematics, mass and energy balances, gas exchange, combustion heat release, heat transfer, and simplified chemical kinetics. Combustion is represented by the Wiebe function, with its parameters calibrated through comparison with experimentally measured in-cylinder pressure profiles. Initial simulations predict NOₓ emissions of 1.33 g/kWh—exceeding EURO VI regulatory limits. To address this, the study investigates direct water injection (DWI) as an emissions reduction strategy. Results demonstrate that a 10% water-to-air mass ratio (W/A) substantially reduces NOₓ emissions to compliant levels while preserving engine performance; including torque, power output, and thermal efficiency. The findings highlight the potential of DWI as a practical and efficient solution for achieving low-emission hydrogen combustion without compromising engine efficiency, offering a promising pathway toward sustainable and clean transportation technologies.