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<p>Fuel additives are effective in improving combustion and reducing engine emissions. In the present study, the effect of incorporating low and high levels of water (i.e., 2 (WE2) and 8 wt% (WE8)) and nano cerium oxide (100 ppm) into the neat diesel fuel were investigated using a single cylinder engine. Experiments were conducted at constant engine speed and different engine loads. The results indicated that the emulsion with 2 wt% water improved overall combustion quality. Specifically, a reduction on the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and an increase in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) were observed compared with neat diesel. Moreover, the addition of of nano metal additive into WE2 further improved BSFC and BTE compared with neat diesel fuel. In terms of emissions, the WE2 combustion achieved the best reduction in HC emission by 41% compared with neat diesel. The inclusion of 8% water resulted in 8%NOx emission reduction. Additionally, incorporating cerium oxide into WE2 at retarded injection timing caused further NOx by up to 45% emission reduction compared to WEs and neat diesel.&#xa0;</p>

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Influence of Injection Timing on the Combustion of Adding Metal-Water Additives into Diesel Fuel

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月25日

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  • Esmail Khalife

摘要

Fuel additives are effective in improving combustion and reducing engine emissions. In the present study, the effect of incorporating low and high levels of water (i.e., 2 (WE2) and 8 wt% (WE8)) and nano cerium oxide (100 ppm) into the neat diesel fuel were investigated using a single cylinder engine. Experiments were conducted at constant engine speed and different engine loads. The results indicated that the emulsion with 2 wt% water improved overall combustion quality. Specifically, a reduction on the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and an increase in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) were observed compared with neat diesel. Moreover, the addition of of nano metal additive into WE2 further improved BSFC and BTE compared with neat diesel fuel. In terms of emissions, the WE2 combustion achieved the best reduction in HC emission by 41% compared with neat diesel. The inclusion of 8% water resulted in 8%NOx emission reduction. Additionally, incorporating cerium oxide into WE2 at retarded injection timing caused further NOx by up to 45% emission reduction compared to WEs and neat diesel.