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<p>The increasing production of nickel or ferronickel, on the one hand, can bring economic benefits but, on the other hand, also has the potential to damage the environment due to its high level of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. To achieve the net-zero emission target by 2060, Indonesia, as the world's largest nickel-producing country, needs to start considering an option to create an environmentally friendly and sustainable ferronickel industry ecosystem. One such option is to replace the main reductant in the ferronickel manufacturing process, which initially uses coal, with a carbonless reductant, such as NH₃ gas. This paper aims to analyze and compare the ferronickel manufacturing process carried out through two scenarios, namely, when ferronickel manufacturing is carried out in a conventional way (using coal as a reductant (scenario-1)) and when using NH<sub>3</sub> gas (scenario-2). The analysis includes material and energy flow analysis, eco-cost, and economic analysis. As a result, the ferronickel production process using NH<sub>3</sub> gas is better than the conventional process from an environmental point of view. On the other hand, the economic performance of scenario-1 is better than scenario-2. However, when considering CO<sub>2</sub>-eq and SO<sub>2</sub>-eq emissions in the eco-cost calculation, the ferronickel production process using NH<sub>3</sub> gas still outperforms the conventional process.</p>

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Replacing Coal with Ammonia Gas in Ferronickel Production: A Comparison from an Environmental and Economic Point of View

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月9日

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  • Sungging Pintowantoro,
  • Retno Widyaningrum,
  • Chandra Aryo Wibowo,
  • Yuli Setiyorini,
  • Fahny Ardian,
  • Muhammad Bagas Ananda,
  • Fakhreza Abdul

摘要

The increasing production of nickel or ferronickel, on the one hand, can bring economic benefits but, on the other hand, also has the potential to damage the environment due to its high level of CO2 emissions. To achieve the net-zero emission target by 2060, Indonesia, as the world's largest nickel-producing country, needs to start considering an option to create an environmentally friendly and sustainable ferronickel industry ecosystem. One such option is to replace the main reductant in the ferronickel manufacturing process, which initially uses coal, with a carbonless reductant, such as NH₃ gas. This paper aims to analyze and compare the ferronickel manufacturing process carried out through two scenarios, namely, when ferronickel manufacturing is carried out in a conventional way (using coal as a reductant (scenario-1)) and when using NH3 gas (scenario-2). The analysis includes material and energy flow analysis, eco-cost, and economic analysis. As a result, the ferronickel production process using NH3 gas is better than the conventional process from an environmental point of view. On the other hand, the economic performance of scenario-1 is better than scenario-2. However, when considering CO2-eq and SO2-eq emissions in the eco-cost calculation, the ferronickel production process using NH3 gas still outperforms the conventional process.