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<p>Chinese-funded railway projects under Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in Africa encountered various and highly uncertain challenges, yet existing studies lack a systematic and comparative-aware decision-making framework to evaluate these challenges from the perspective of Chinese enterprises. Most existing methods rely on conventional fuzzy or crisp multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approaches that inadequately capture expert hesitation and complex uncertainty, and they largely provide isolated or country-specific analyses rather than a unified comparative framework. To address this gap, this study proposes a novel integrated MCDM framework grounded in T-spherical fuzzy sets (T-SFSs). The framework for the first time integrates the Delphi method, subjective weighting, the symmetry point of criterion (SPC) and Ranking of Alternatives with Weights of Criterion (RAWEC) into a unified analytical structure to effectively handle complex uncertainty and expert judgment. The results identify political transitions and inconsistent policy frameworks, complex cross-border logistics &amp; supply-chain disruptions, frequent power shortages, bureaucratic hurdles &amp; regulatory delays, and cultural and communication barriers as the most critical challenges. The key theoretical novelty and contribution lies in the first-time integration of T-SFSs with the SPC-RAWEC-based framework for BRI railway projects, enabling a systematic, comparative, and uncertainty-aware evaluation of large-scale railway infrastructure projects.</p>

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An Integrated T-Spherical Fuzzy Decision-Making Approach for Assessing Challenges in Belt and Road Initiative Railway Projects

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月15日

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  • Mouhamed Bayane Bouraima,
  • Simeng Dong,
  • Ahmet Aytekin,
  • Su Qian,
  • Zhuanyun Yang

摘要

Chinese-funded railway projects under Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in Africa encountered various and highly uncertain challenges, yet existing studies lack a systematic and comparative-aware decision-making framework to evaluate these challenges from the perspective of Chinese enterprises. Most existing methods rely on conventional fuzzy or crisp multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approaches that inadequately capture expert hesitation and complex uncertainty, and they largely provide isolated or country-specific analyses rather than a unified comparative framework. To address this gap, this study proposes a novel integrated MCDM framework grounded in T-spherical fuzzy sets (T-SFSs). The framework for the first time integrates the Delphi method, subjective weighting, the symmetry point of criterion (SPC) and Ranking of Alternatives with Weights of Criterion (RAWEC) into a unified analytical structure to effectively handle complex uncertainty and expert judgment. The results identify political transitions and inconsistent policy frameworks, complex cross-border logistics & supply-chain disruptions, frequent power shortages, bureaucratic hurdles & regulatory delays, and cultural and communication barriers as the most critical challenges. The key theoretical novelty and contribution lies in the first-time integration of T-SFSs with the SPC-RAWEC-based framework for BRI railway projects, enabling a systematic, comparative, and uncertainty-aware evaluation of large-scale railway infrastructure projects.