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<p>Humanity continues to face escalating biological threats, ranging from seasonal illnesses to life-threatening infectious diseases. Among these, HIV remains one of the most severe global health challenges. This pandemic compromises the immune system, heightens vulnerability to opportunistic infections, and deteriorates overall health conditions. In this study, we explore the transmission dynamics of HIV within two distinct populations: young individuals engaged in sexual relationships with peers (aged 15–24 years) and young women involved with mature men (aged 25 years and older). Employing a non-local and non-singular kernel, we conduct both analytical and numerical analyses to investigate key properties of the proposed models. The results indicate that the equilibrium points are asymptotically locally stable, meaning both populations eventually reach a steady-state equilibrium for the basic reproduction number both below and above one. Moreover, the findings reveal that the young sub-population has the highest number of infections, with young women in relationships with mature men being the most affected. They not only exhibit a higher infection rate but also take more time to approach the equilibrium state compared to their male partners. These results provide valuable guidance for targeted strategies to combat HIV and improve health outcomes for young adults.</p>

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Hiv transmission in mixed-age groups: a modeling framework with analytical insights

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月23日

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  • Elhoussine Azroul,
  • Sara Bouda

摘要

Humanity continues to face escalating biological threats, ranging from seasonal illnesses to life-threatening infectious diseases. Among these, HIV remains one of the most severe global health challenges. This pandemic compromises the immune system, heightens vulnerability to opportunistic infections, and deteriorates overall health conditions. In this study, we explore the transmission dynamics of HIV within two distinct populations: young individuals engaged in sexual relationships with peers (aged 15–24 years) and young women involved with mature men (aged 25 years and older). Employing a non-local and non-singular kernel, we conduct both analytical and numerical analyses to investigate key properties of the proposed models. The results indicate that the equilibrium points are asymptotically locally stable, meaning both populations eventually reach a steady-state equilibrium for the basic reproduction number both below and above one. Moreover, the findings reveal that the young sub-population has the highest number of infections, with young women in relationships with mature men being the most affected. They not only exhibit a higher infection rate but also take more time to approach the equilibrium state compared to their male partners. These results provide valuable guidance for targeted strategies to combat HIV and improve health outcomes for young adults.