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<p>Malaria continues to pose a major public health burden, particularly in endemic regions with limited resources. This study develops a novel deterministic compartmental model that integrates human vaccination with conventional vector control strategies, such as insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS), to explore optimal approaches to malaria mitigation. The model incorporates a vaccinated human class and accounts for the possibility of vaccine-conferred immunity waning, enabling a more realistic assessment of vaccine impact. Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle is employed to formulate and analyze an optimal control problem involving three time-dependent interventions. The resulting optimality system, comprising state and adjoint equations, is solved numerically using parameter values informed by literature and epidemiological relevance. Sensitivity analysis is conducted to identify key drivers of disease transmission. The model is then simulated under different outbreak scenarios. Simulation results reveal that vaccination alone is insufficient to significantly reduce malaria transmission. However, combining vaccination with sustained ITN usage and IRS substantially lowers both human and mosquito malaria prevalence. The findings underscore the importance of integrated intervention strategies in curtailing the continued spread of malaria and highlight the utility of optimal control theory in informing cost-effective malaria policies.</p>

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Integrated malaria control: impacts of vaccination and combined interventions on disease dynamics

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月30日

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  • Josiah C. Orji,
  • T. T. Yusuf,
  • A. S. Afolabi,
  • K. A. Dawodu

摘要

Malaria continues to pose a major public health burden, particularly in endemic regions with limited resources. This study develops a novel deterministic compartmental model that integrates human vaccination with conventional vector control strategies, such as insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS), to explore optimal approaches to malaria mitigation. The model incorporates a vaccinated human class and accounts for the possibility of vaccine-conferred immunity waning, enabling a more realistic assessment of vaccine impact. Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle is employed to formulate and analyze an optimal control problem involving three time-dependent interventions. The resulting optimality system, comprising state and adjoint equations, is solved numerically using parameter values informed by literature and epidemiological relevance. Sensitivity analysis is conducted to identify key drivers of disease transmission. The model is then simulated under different outbreak scenarios. Simulation results reveal that vaccination alone is insufficient to significantly reduce malaria transmission. However, combining vaccination with sustained ITN usage and IRS substantially lowers both human and mosquito malaria prevalence. The findings underscore the importance of integrated intervention strategies in curtailing the continued spread of malaria and highlight the utility of optimal control theory in informing cost-effective malaria policies.