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<p>The automobile industry in Pakistan is affected by economic crises, leading to a surge in old vehicle imports. This study assessed exposure to cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni) in paints and dust samples from auto workshops. A total of 56 samples of four dust and paint flakes from each of the 14 workshops were collected based on high traffic, long operational history, and dense population areas in Faisalabad. Heavy metal concentrations were analyzed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results revealed that the maximum concentrations in dust samples were 3.11, 78, 46, and 31&#xa0;mg&#xa0;kg<sup>−1</sup> for Cd, Cr, Pb, and Ni, respectively, while in paint samples, they were 10, 7.4, 93, and 18&#xa0;mg&#xa0;kg<sup>−1</sup>. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) model attributed metal sources to human activity and corrosion of aged vehicular components. The geo-accumulation index was maximum for Pb at W13, Cd and Cr at W10, and Ni at W9 while the Cr, Pb, and Ni had moderate contamination factors (CF), whereas Cd had CF of high pollution. Workshops W11 and W14 recorded pollution load index &gt; 1, showing contamination. Ecological risk was low, with the exceptions of W2 and W12 (moderate risk), and potential ecological risk was high. For adults and kids, the total cancer risk (TCR &lt; 1) and non-carcinogenic health hazard (HI &lt; 1) were low. The study recommends implementing regulations to control risks and training workers to reduce exposure to contaminated dust and paints.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Modeling source identification of dust and paint metals effecting workshops indoor air quality: associated contamination and cancer risk

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月18日

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  • Kashif Hussain,
  • Muhammad Hassan Bashir,
  • Hamaad Raza Ahmad,
  • Muhammad Tahir Shehzad,
  • Amna Zulfqar

摘要

The automobile industry in Pakistan is affected by economic crises, leading to a surge in old vehicle imports. This study assessed exposure to cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni) in paints and dust samples from auto workshops. A total of 56 samples of four dust and paint flakes from each of the 14 workshops were collected based on high traffic, long operational history, and dense population areas in Faisalabad. Heavy metal concentrations were analyzed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results revealed that the maximum concentrations in dust samples were 3.11, 78, 46, and 31 mg kg−1 for Cd, Cr, Pb, and Ni, respectively, while in paint samples, they were 10, 7.4, 93, and 18 mg kg−1. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) model attributed metal sources to human activity and corrosion of aged vehicular components. The geo-accumulation index was maximum for Pb at W13, Cd and Cr at W10, and Ni at W9 while the Cr, Pb, and Ni had moderate contamination factors (CF), whereas Cd had CF of high pollution. Workshops W11 and W14 recorded pollution load index > 1, showing contamination. Ecological risk was low, with the exceptions of W2 and W12 (moderate risk), and potential ecological risk was high. For adults and kids, the total cancer risk (TCR < 1) and non-carcinogenic health hazard (HI < 1) were low. The study recommends implementing regulations to control risks and training workers to reduce exposure to contaminated dust and paints.

Graphical abstract