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Purpose of Review <p>This review examines the occurrence, monitoring, treatment, and risk of bisphenols—particularly bisphenol A (BPA)—in aquatic environments across Latin America, a region where rapid urbanization and limited wastewater treatment increase vulnerability to contamination.</p> Recent Findings <p>BPA is now widely detected in surface waters, groundwater, wastewater, and occasionally drinking water, often at concentrations comparable to or exceeding those reported globally. Contamination is primarily driven by urban wastewater discharges, insufficient treatment efficiency, and strong surface water–groundwater connectivity. Monitoring remains dominated by chromatographic techniques (GC–MS and LC–MS/MS), although time-integrated approaches such as passive samplers (e.g., o-DGT) show promise in capturing temporal variability. Despite extensive occurrence data, fewer than 20% of studies address treatment, revealing a major imbalance between detection and mitigation efforts. Conventional treatment systems generally achieve only partial removal, whereas adsorption, advanced oxidation processes, and hybrid or nature-based solutions demonstrate high efficiencies under laboratory or pilot conditions but lack long-term validation under realistic constraints. Ecotoxicological evidence indicates risks to aquatic organisms, while human health risks—particularly under updated toxicological thresholds—remain insufficiently characterized. Data on BPA analogues (e.g., BPS, BPF, BPAF) are still scarce, limiting mixture-based assessments.</p> Summary <p>Current research highlights critical gaps in harmonized monitoring, mixture-oriented risk assessment, and scalable treatment implementation. Advancing the field requires integrated monitoring frameworks combining chemical and effect-based tools, expanded inclusion of bisphenol analogues, and the development of regionally adapted treatment strategies. Strengthening regulatory frameworks, surveillance networks, and data harmonization is essential to translate scientific evidence into effective policies that protect water resources and public health in Latin America.</p>

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Tracking Bisphenol in Latin American Water Matrices: From Contamination to Remediation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月27日

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  • Jürgen Mahlknecht

摘要

Purpose of Review

This review examines the occurrence, monitoring, treatment, and risk of bisphenols—particularly bisphenol A (BPA)—in aquatic environments across Latin America, a region where rapid urbanization and limited wastewater treatment increase vulnerability to contamination.

Recent Findings

BPA is now widely detected in surface waters, groundwater, wastewater, and occasionally drinking water, often at concentrations comparable to or exceeding those reported globally. Contamination is primarily driven by urban wastewater discharges, insufficient treatment efficiency, and strong surface water–groundwater connectivity. Monitoring remains dominated by chromatographic techniques (GC–MS and LC–MS/MS), although time-integrated approaches such as passive samplers (e.g., o-DGT) show promise in capturing temporal variability. Despite extensive occurrence data, fewer than 20% of studies address treatment, revealing a major imbalance between detection and mitigation efforts. Conventional treatment systems generally achieve only partial removal, whereas adsorption, advanced oxidation processes, and hybrid or nature-based solutions demonstrate high efficiencies under laboratory or pilot conditions but lack long-term validation under realistic constraints. Ecotoxicological evidence indicates risks to aquatic organisms, while human health risks—particularly under updated toxicological thresholds—remain insufficiently characterized. Data on BPA analogues (e.g., BPS, BPF, BPAF) are still scarce, limiting mixture-based assessments.

Summary

Current research highlights critical gaps in harmonized monitoring, mixture-oriented risk assessment, and scalable treatment implementation. Advancing the field requires integrated monitoring frameworks combining chemical and effect-based tools, expanded inclusion of bisphenol analogues, and the development of regionally adapted treatment strategies. Strengthening regulatory frameworks, surveillance networks, and data harmonization is essential to translate scientific evidence into effective policies that protect water resources and public health in Latin America.