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<p>Direct-drive wave energy converters (DD-WECs) offer a promising approach to harnessing ocean energy, yet their performance is often constrained by the need for precise velocity and current regulation under highly variable and nonlinear wave conditions. This study develops and validates a hybrid control architecture that strategically integrates model-based feedforward compensation with Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) to enhance energy capture. Unlike conventional ADRC approaches that treat all dynamics as unknown disturbances, the proposed framework implements model offloading, where well-characterized hydrodynamic forces are explicitly incorporated into the control law using the Cummins equation representation. The resulting architecture maintains ADRC's robustness while significantly reducing observer burden, enabling lower bandwidth tuning and improved noise rejection. Meanwhile, MPC is used in the inner loop for current control, enabling predictive and constraint-aware optimization of stator current trajectories to ensure smooth force generation and minimal ripple. This layered control architecture leverages the disturbance rejection capability of ADRC and the predictive optimization of MPC to enhance energy capture efficiency and robustness. The results demonstrate that the ADRC–MPC framework provides significant performance gains over conventional PI-based control strategies, making it a compelling solution for advanced wave energy systems operating in unpredictable and dynamic marine environments.</p>

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A hybrid ADRC–MPC control strategy for enhanced performance of direct-drive wave energy converters

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月9日

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  • Reuben Asegiyine Nchor,
  • Lei Huang,
  • Jianlong Yang,
  • Mustapha Abubakar Modibbo

摘要

Direct-drive wave energy converters (DD-WECs) offer a promising approach to harnessing ocean energy, yet their performance is often constrained by the need for precise velocity and current regulation under highly variable and nonlinear wave conditions. This study develops and validates a hybrid control architecture that strategically integrates model-based feedforward compensation with Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) to enhance energy capture. Unlike conventional ADRC approaches that treat all dynamics as unknown disturbances, the proposed framework implements model offloading, where well-characterized hydrodynamic forces are explicitly incorporated into the control law using the Cummins equation representation. The resulting architecture maintains ADRC's robustness while significantly reducing observer burden, enabling lower bandwidth tuning and improved noise rejection. Meanwhile, MPC is used in the inner loop for current control, enabling predictive and constraint-aware optimization of stator current trajectories to ensure smooth force generation and minimal ripple. This layered control architecture leverages the disturbance rejection capability of ADRC and the predictive optimization of MPC to enhance energy capture efficiency and robustness. The results demonstrate that the ADRC–MPC framework provides significant performance gains over conventional PI-based control strategies, making it a compelling solution for advanced wave energy systems operating in unpredictable and dynamic marine environments.