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<p>Karst groundwater vulnerability assessment methods were originally developed in temperate regions of Europe and have since been modified to accommodate varying hydrogeological and climatic conditions. This study aims to identify the origins of groundwater vulnerability methods, analyze their methodological development, and evaluate their applicability in tropical karst environments. This systematic literature review based on the Population–Concept–Context framework was conducted R RStudio using the Biblioshiny and Bibliometrix packages, complemented by a manual review to trace method evolution and modification trends. The results showed four main categories of groundwater vulnerability&#xa0;methods:&#xa0;original karstic methods, non-karstic methods with modification, karstic methods with modification, and combined karstic–non-karstic methods with modification. Over the past decade, groundwater vulnerability studies have primarily adopted PCSM-based approaches, with increasing numbers of parameters, modifications to weighting and rating schemes, and other refinements. However, applying temperate-region methods directly to tropical karst often leads to inconsistencies and reduced accuracy due to fundamental differences in tropical karst characteristics and to overestimation of parameter weights and ratings. Consequently, tropical karst vulnerability methods have been adapted by adjusting parameters related to protective cover, rainfall, infiltration, soil, and vegetation, and incorporating additional parameters such as lineament density, degree of karst development, and tropical karst hydrological characteristics. Despite these advances, groundwater vulnerability assessment in tropical karst remains less developed than in porous media aquifers, particularly in sensitivity analysis, map removal analysis, and the application of machine learning techniques to determine rating, weighting, and groundwater vulnerability classes.</p>

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A Review of Karst Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment: Global Methods, Tropical Challenges, and Future Directions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月3日

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  • Indra Agus Riyanto,
  • M. Widyastuti,
  • Tjahyo Nugroho Adji,
  • Ahmad Cahyadi

摘要

Karst groundwater vulnerability assessment methods were originally developed in temperate regions of Europe and have since been modified to accommodate varying hydrogeological and climatic conditions. This study aims to identify the origins of groundwater vulnerability methods, analyze their methodological development, and evaluate their applicability in tropical karst environments. This systematic literature review based on the Population–Concept–Context framework was conducted R RStudio using the Biblioshiny and Bibliometrix packages, complemented by a manual review to trace method evolution and modification trends. The results showed four main categories of groundwater vulnerability methods: original karstic methods, non-karstic methods with modification, karstic methods with modification, and combined karstic–non-karstic methods with modification. Over the past decade, groundwater vulnerability studies have primarily adopted PCSM-based approaches, with increasing numbers of parameters, modifications to weighting and rating schemes, and other refinements. However, applying temperate-region methods directly to tropical karst often leads to inconsistencies and reduced accuracy due to fundamental differences in tropical karst characteristics and to overestimation of parameter weights and ratings. Consequently, tropical karst vulnerability methods have been adapted by adjusting parameters related to protective cover, rainfall, infiltration, soil, and vegetation, and incorporating additional parameters such as lineament density, degree of karst development, and tropical karst hydrological characteristics. Despite these advances, groundwater vulnerability assessment in tropical karst remains less developed than in porous media aquifers, particularly in sensitivity analysis, map removal analysis, and the application of machine learning techniques to determine rating, weighting, and groundwater vulnerability classes.