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<p>The objective of this study was to optimize the production of biochar (BC) from agricultural waste by evaluating the impact of biomass type and pyrolysis conditions on the physicochemical properties and adsorption performance in wastewater treatment. Four feedstocks, de-oiled olive mill waste (DOW), pellet argan cake (PAC), white argan press cake (WAC), and black argan press cake (BAC), were pyrolyzed at 600, 700, and 800&#xa0;°C for a period of two hours with a heating rate of 2&#xa0;°C/min. The resulting biochars were characterized using proximate and elemental analyses, FT-IR, XRD, SEM-EDX, and BET surface area measurements. Adsorption capacity was evaluated through methylene blue (MB) batch tests. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature increased the carbon content, fixed carbon, and thermal stability but decreased the yield, moisture content, and volatile matter. Structural analyses confirmed significant changes in crystallinity, porosity, and functional groups. MB adsorption increased with temperature. DOW-derived biochar consistently outperformed argan-derived biochar. The DOW sample produced at 800&#xa0;°C exhibited the highest yield (31–33%), surface area (22&#xa0;m²/g), thermal stability (0.66–0.68), and adsorption capacity (432&#xa0;mg/g). Statistical modelling validated the experimental outcomes (R² &gt;0.96). Overall, both the type of feedstock and the pyrolysis temperature strongly influenced the properties of the biochar. DOW-derived biochar produced at 800&#xa0;°C was the optimal material, offering high adsorption efficiency and robust physicochemical quality. It represents a promising, low-cost adsorbent for wastewater treatment applications.</p>

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Valorization of Olive and Argan Wastes into Optimized Biochar for Efficient Methylene Blue Adsorption

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月10日

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  • Sofiane El Barkaoui,
  • Laila Mandi,
  • Imad Rabichi,
  • Massimo Del Bubba,
  • Ekavi A. Isari,
  • Ioannis K. Kalavrouziotis,
  • Naaila Ouazzani

摘要

The objective of this study was to optimize the production of biochar (BC) from agricultural waste by evaluating the impact of biomass type and pyrolysis conditions on the physicochemical properties and adsorption performance in wastewater treatment. Four feedstocks, de-oiled olive mill waste (DOW), pellet argan cake (PAC), white argan press cake (WAC), and black argan press cake (BAC), were pyrolyzed at 600, 700, and 800 °C for a period of two hours with a heating rate of 2 °C/min. The resulting biochars were characterized using proximate and elemental analyses, FT-IR, XRD, SEM-EDX, and BET surface area measurements. Adsorption capacity was evaluated through methylene blue (MB) batch tests. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature increased the carbon content, fixed carbon, and thermal stability but decreased the yield, moisture content, and volatile matter. Structural analyses confirmed significant changes in crystallinity, porosity, and functional groups. MB adsorption increased with temperature. DOW-derived biochar consistently outperformed argan-derived biochar. The DOW sample produced at 800 °C exhibited the highest yield (31–33%), surface area (22 m²/g), thermal stability (0.66–0.68), and adsorption capacity (432 mg/g). Statistical modelling validated the experimental outcomes (R² >0.96). Overall, both the type of feedstock and the pyrolysis temperature strongly influenced the properties of the biochar. DOW-derived biochar produced at 800 °C was the optimal material, offering high adsorption efficiency and robust physicochemical quality. It represents a promising, low-cost adsorbent for wastewater treatment applications.